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Year 2 > NEURO: Part 1 > Flashcards

NEURO: Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What meninges covers the brain

A

Pia mater

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2
Q

Role of the arachnoid mater

A

Nourishes surface of the brain and keeps CSF in contact with surface of the brian

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3
Q

What artery divides into the meningeal vessels

A

The external carotid artery

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4
Q

Where are the meningeal vessels found

A

Between bones of the skull and the dura

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5
Q

What are bridging veins

A

These cross the subdural space (connect dura to arachnoid)

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6
Q

In what meninges are circle of willis found

A

Subarachnoid space

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7
Q

Why are there no vessels deep to th epic

A

The pia is part of the BBB

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8
Q

What are oligodendrocytes

A

Myelination of axons in the CNS

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9
Q

What are the counterparts to oligodendrocytes

A

Swann cells

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10
Q

Main functions of the frontal brain

A
  1. Voluntary movement on opposite side of body
  2. Controls speech (contains brook’s area)
  3. Thought processes, reasoning and memory
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11
Q

Main functions of the parietal brain

A

Receives and interprets sensations = pain, touch, pressure, shape and body-part awareness (proprioception)

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12
Q

Main function of temporal brain

A

Understanding of speech (wernicke’s), memory and emotions

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13
Q

Role of occipital lobe

A

Understanding visual images and meaning of written words

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14
Q

Describe the passage of CSF

A
  1. Produced by ependymal cells in choroid plexus of lateral ventricles
  2. traves down third ventricle via intraventricular foramen
  3. Travels down to fourth ventricle via Aqueduct of Sylvius
  4. 4th to subarachnoid space via the one FORAMEN of magendie and two FORAMEN of Luschka
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15
Q

Where is CSF re-absorbed

A

Arachnoid granulation sin saggital sinus

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16
Q

What is hydrocephalus

A

Abnormal accumulation of CSF in ventricular system

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17
Q

What causes hydrocephalus

A

Blocked cerebral aqueduct

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18
Q

Where does the sympathetic system originate from

A
  1. T1-L2
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19
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia found

A

Close to spinal cord - two chains

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20
Q

What hormone is used at the preganglionic synapse of sympathetic neurones

A

ACh

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21
Q

What receptors does ACh bind to in the sympathetic neurone

A

Nicotinic receptors

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22
Q

What do sympathetic neurones supply

A

Visceral organs and structures of superficial body regions

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23
Q

Are there more ganglia in para or simp

A

Simp

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24
Q

What amplifies the effect of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Adrenal glands = release adrenaline into th blood directly

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25
Q

8 outcomes of sympathetic stimulation

A
  1. Increased HR
  2. Increased force of contractions in the heart
  3. Vasoconstriction
  4. Bronchodilatation
  5. Sphincter contraction
  6. Decreased gastric secretions
  7. Male ejaculation
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26
Q

What cranial nerves are parasympathetic

A

1973 (10,9,7,3)

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27
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves leave the CNS

A

Brainstem and sacral portion

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28
Q

Where are parasympathetic cel bodies found

A

Brainstem

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29
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia found

A

Close to the organs the innervate

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30
Q

What does ACh bind to at post-ganglionic synapse of parasympathetic neurones

A

Muscarinic

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31
Q

Role of somatic nerves

A

Sensory and motor of bodily segments

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32
Q

Role of branchial nerves

A

Motor only

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33
Q

How many branchial arches are there

A

5

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34
Q

Two features of the autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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35
Q

What constitutes the PNS

A

Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

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36
Q

What constitutes the CNS

A
  1. Brain and spinal cord
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37
Q

Where do branchial nerves originate from

A

Brain

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38
Q

What are lower motor neurones also known as

A

Alpha motor neurones

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39
Q

What do alpha motor neurones innervate

A

Skeletal muscles that have cell bodies lying in grey matter of spinal cord and brainstem

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40
Q

Define muscle spasticity

A

1, When muscles do not develop increased tone UNTIL they are stretched a bit and after a brief increase in tone, contraction subsides for a short time

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41
Q

What is the CLASP-KNIFE PHENOMENON

A
  1. When someone bends the limb of a patient, initially there is some resistance but after a certain point, resistance falls dramatically
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42
Q

In what condition is spasticity found in

A

Parkinson’s

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43
Q

What is muscle rigidity

A
  1. Increased muscle contraction is continuous and resistance to passive stretch is constant
44
Q

How many vertebras are there

A 
33:
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
4 coccyx
45
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the spinal cord

A 
31:
8 - cervical
12 - thoracic
5 - lumbar
 5 - sacral 
coccyx - 1
46
Q

At what vertebra level does the conus end at

A

Before L2

47
Q

Where do all cervical segments leave th spinal cord

A

ONE VERTEBRA higher than corresponding vertebra (except C8 which exits below one vertebra)

48
Q

Where do all thoracic segments leave the spinal cord

A

1-2 vertebra BELOW corresponding vertebra

49
Q

Where do all lumbar segments leave the spinal cord

A

3-4 vertebra BELOW corresponding vertebra

50
Q

Where do all sacral segments leave the spinal cord

A

5 vertebra BELOW

51
Q

What is a dermatome

A

Area of skin supplied by a SINGLE SPINAL NERVE

52
Q

Describe sensory innervation of the hand

A
  1. Little finger - C8 (ulnar)
  2. Index = C7 (median)
  3. Thumb - C6
53
Q

Sensory innervation of clavicle

A

C4

54
Q

Sensory innervation of nipples

A

T4

55
Q

Sensory innervation of medial arm

A

T1

56
Q

Sensory innervation of umbilicus

A

T10

57
Q

Sensory innervation of knee

A

L4

58
Q

Sensory innervation of perianal area

A

S4

59
Q

Sensory innervation of anus

A

S5

60
Q

Define a myotome

A

Volume of muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve

61
Q

Nerve supply of diaphragm

A

C3,4,5

62
Q

Innervation of penis

A

S2,3,4

63
Q

Innervation of small muscles of the hand

A

T1

64
Q

What is the role of the DORSAL/Medial leminiscal column

A 
Carries the following:
Touch
Vibration 
Proprioception 
Pressure
65
Q

What four nerve endings detect touch

A
  1. Meissner’s corpuscles
  2. Pancinian corpuscles
  3. Ruffini Endings
  4. Merkel Endings
66
Q

What kind of neurones are upper limb and lower limb neurones

A

PSEUDO-UNI POLAR NEURONES

67
Q

Where does decussation of the dorsal column leminisus column occur + what are the decussating fibres called

A

At the Pons

Internal arcuate fibres

68
Q

What nucleus do the dorsal column-medial leminiscus column bind to

A

VENTRO POSTERO LATERAL nucleus

69
Q

Role of lateral spintothalamic tract

A

Pain and temperature

70
Q

Role of medial spinothalamic tract

A

Crude touch

71
Q

Where does decussation occur in the spinothalamic tract

A

Spinal cord

72
Q

At what part of the spinothalamus tract is pain consciousness processed

A

Thalamus

73
Q

Role of the posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Carries information on proprioception to the IPSILATERAL INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

74
Q

Role of the anterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Carries information on proprioception to the CONTRALATERAL SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

75
Q

Where do descending tracts originate from

A

Cerebral cortex and brainstem (upper motor neurones)

76
Q

What is the descending tract divided into

A

PYRAMIDAL

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL

77
Q

How many pathways in pyramidal tract

A

2 originating in the cerebral cortex of cranial nucleus for facial innervation

78
Q

Where does the pyramidal tract decussate

A

Medulla and descends contra laterally

79
Q

What neurones of the pyramidal tract do NOT decussate

A

Those innervating the axial muscles

80
Q

Where does pyramidal tract synapse

A

Cell bodies of the ventral horn of the spinal grey matter

81
Q

Name a pyramidal tract

A

Corticospinal tract

82
Q

Where do extra-pyramidal tracts originate from

A

Brainstem

83
Q

Role of extra-pyramidal tract

A

Involuntary autonomic control of all musculature

84
Q

Name three extra-pyramidal tract

A

RUBROSPINAL
TECTOSPINAL
VESTIBULOSPINAL

85
Q

Role of corticospinal tract

A

TRANSMIT CONTROL OF VOLUNTARY MUSCLES

86
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate

A

MEDULLA

87
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract originate from

A

Contralateral motor cortex

88
Q

Where does the medial corticospinal tract decussate

A
  1. Leaves via anterior white commissure to axial muscles (head and trunk)
89
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract innervate

A

Limb muscles

90
Q

Where does the Upper motor neurone originate from

A

Motor cortex

91
Q

Where can a UMN lesion occur

A

Cortex all the way down to the ventral horn

92
Q

Cell bodies of lower motor neurones location

A

Ventral horns

93
Q

What is the vestibulospinal tract needed for

A

Muscle tone

Balance and posture by innervating antigravity muscles

94
Q

Where are vestibulospinal tract originating from

A

Vestibular nucleus

95
Q

Is Vestibulospinal tract decussating

A

No

96
Q

Role of tectospinal tract

A

Visual stimuli causes head to turn

97
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originate from

A

Tectum: Superior colliculus

98
Q

Does tectospinal tract decussate

A

At the midbrain - contralateral

99
Q

Role of the rubrospinal tract

A

Facilitates flexor and inhibits extensors - fine hand movements

100
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract originate from

A

Red nucleus

101
Q

Does the rubrospinal tract decussate

A

Midbrain - contralateral

102
Q

What is Brown-Sequard Syndrome

A

Heme-Section of the spinal cord

103
Q

What is brown-sequard syndrome

A
  1. Ipsilateral weakness below lesion due to ipsilateral descending motor corticospinal tract (decussated already at medulla)
  2. Ipsilateral loss of dorsal column proprioception below lesion as ascending tracts are damaged before they could desiccate
  3. Contralateral loss of spinothalamic pain and temperature as spinothalamic fibres decussate just after entering the spinal cord

OVERALL:
Ipsilateral loss: proprioception, motor and fine touch

Contralateral loss: pain, temperature and crude touch

104
Q

What is lower motor lesion

A

Nerve fibre can’t properly innervate the muscle fibre so = flaccid paralysis

105
Q

How is spastic paralysis caused

A

If nerve cuts above the alpha motor neurone which results in spastic (tense) paralysis

Year 2 (155 decks)

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