Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 > NEURO: Part 1 > Flashcards

NEURO: Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What meninges covers the brain

A

Pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Role of the arachnoid mater

A

Nourishes surface of the brain and keeps CSF in contact with surface of the brian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What artery divides into the meningeal vessels

A

The external carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are the meningeal vessels found

A

Between bones of the skull and the dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are bridging veins

A

These cross the subdural space (connect dura to arachnoid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In what meninges are circle of willis found

A

Subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why are there no vessels deep to th epic

A

The pia is part of the BBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are oligodendrocytes

A

Myelination of axons in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the counterparts to oligodendrocytes

A

Swann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Main functions of the frontal brain

A
  1. Voluntary movement on opposite side of body
  2. Controls speech (contains brook’s area)
  3. Thought processes, reasoning and memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Main functions of the parietal brain

A

Receives and interprets sensations = pain, touch, pressure, shape and body-part awareness (proprioception)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Main function of temporal brain

A

Understanding of speech (wernicke’s), memory and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Role of occipital lobe

A

Understanding visual images and meaning of written words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the passage of CSF

A
  1. Produced by ependymal cells in choroid plexus of lateral ventricles
  2. traves down third ventricle via intraventricular foramen
  3. Travels down to fourth ventricle via Aqueduct of Sylvius
  4. 4th to subarachnoid space via the one FORAMEN of magendie and two FORAMEN of Luschka
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is CSF re-absorbed

A

Arachnoid granulation sin saggital sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is hydrocephalus

A

Abnormal accumulation of CSF in ventricular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What causes hydrocephalus

A

Blocked cerebral aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does the sympathetic system originate from

A
  1. T1-L2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia found

A

Close to spinal cord - two chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What hormone is used at the preganglionic synapse of sympathetic neurones

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What receptors does ACh bind to in the sympathetic neurone

A

Nicotinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do sympathetic neurones supply

A

Visceral organs and structures of superficial body regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Are there more ganglia in para or simp

A

Simp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What amplifies the effect of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Adrenal glands = release adrenaline into th blood directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

8 outcomes of sympathetic stimulation

A
  1. Increased HR
  2. Increased force of contractions in the heart
  3. Vasoconstriction
  4. Bronchodilatation
  5. Sphincter contraction
  6. Decreased gastric secretions
  7. Male ejaculation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What cranial nerves are parasympathetic

A

1973 (10,9,7,3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves leave the CNS

A

Brainstem and sacral portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are parasympathetic cel bodies found

A

Brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia found

A

Close to the organs the innervate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does ACh bind to at post-ganglionic synapse of parasympathetic neurones

A

Muscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Role of somatic nerves

A

Sensory and motor of bodily segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Role of branchial nerves

A

Motor only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How many branchial arches are there

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Two features of the autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What constitutes the PNS

A

Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What constitutes the CNS

A
  1. Brain and spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where do branchial nerves originate from

A

Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are lower motor neurones also known as

A

Alpha motor neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What do alpha motor neurones innervate

A

Skeletal muscles that have cell bodies lying in grey matter of spinal cord and brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Define muscle spasticity

A

1, When muscles do not develop increased tone UNTIL they are stretched a bit and after a brief increase in tone, contraction subsides for a short time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the CLASP-KNIFE PHENOMENON

A
  1. When someone bends the limb of a patient, initially there is some resistance but after a certain point, resistance falls dramatically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

In what condition is spasticity found in

A

Parkinson’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is muscle rigidity

A
  1. Increased muscle contraction is continuous and resistance to passive stretch is constant
44
Q

How many vertebras are there

A 
33:
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
4 coccyx
45
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the spinal cord

A 
31:
8 - cervical
12 - thoracic
5 - lumbar
 5 - sacral 
coccyx - 1
46
Q

At what vertebra level does the conus end at

47
Q

Where do all cervical segments leave th spinal cord

A

ONE VERTEBRA higher than corresponding vertebra (except C8 which exits below one vertebra)

48
Q

Where do all thoracic segments leave the spinal cord

A

1-2 vertebra BELOW corresponding vertebra

49
Q

Where do all lumbar segments leave the spinal cord

A

3-4 vertebra BELOW corresponding vertebra

50
Q

Where do all sacral segments leave the spinal cord

A

5 vertebra BELOW

51
Q

What is a dermatome

A

Area of skin supplied by a SINGLE SPINAL NERVE

52
Q

Describe sensory innervation of the hand

A
  1. Little finger - C8 (ulnar)
  2. Index = C7 (median)
  3. Thumb - C6
53
Q

Sensory innervation of clavicle

54
Q

Sensory innervation of nipples

55
Q

Sensory innervation of medial arm

56
Q

Sensory innervation of umbilicus

57
Q

Sensory innervation of knee

58
Q

Sensory innervation of perianal area

59
Q

Sensory innervation of anus

60
Q

Define a myotome

A

Volume of muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve

61
Q

Nerve supply of diaphragm

62
Q

Innervation of penis

63
Q

Innervation of small muscles of the hand

64
Q

What is the role of the DORSAL/Medial leminiscal column

A 
Carries the following:
Touch
Vibration 
Proprioception 
Pressure
65
Q

What four nerve endings detect touch

A
  1. Meissner’s corpuscles
  2. Pancinian corpuscles
  3. Ruffini Endings
  4. Merkel Endings
66
Q

What kind of neurones are upper limb and lower limb neurones

A

PSEUDO-UNI POLAR NEURONES

67
Q

Where does decussation of the dorsal column leminisus column occur + what are the decussating fibres called

A

At the Pons

Internal arcuate fibres

68
Q

What nucleus do the dorsal column-medial leminiscus column bind to

A

VENTRO POSTERO LATERAL nucleus

69
Q

Role of lateral spintothalamic tract

A

Pain and temperature

70
Q

Role of medial spinothalamic tract

A

Crude touch

71
Q

Where does decussation occur in the spinothalamic tract

A

Spinal cord

72
Q

At what part of the spinothalamus tract is pain consciousness processed

73
Q

Role of the posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Carries information on proprioception to the IPSILATERAL INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

74
Q

Role of the anterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Carries information on proprioception to the CONTRALATERAL SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

75
Q

Where do descending tracts originate from

A

Cerebral cortex and brainstem (upper motor neurones)

76
Q

What is the descending tract divided into

A

PYRAMIDAL

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL

77
Q

How many pathways in pyramidal tract

A

2 originating in the cerebral cortex of cranial nucleus for facial innervation

78
Q

Where does the pyramidal tract decussate

A

Medulla and descends contra laterally

79
Q

What neurones of the pyramidal tract do NOT decussate

A

Those innervating the axial muscles

80
Q

Where does pyramidal tract synapse

A

Cell bodies of the ventral horn of the spinal grey matter

81
Q

Name a pyramidal tract

A

Corticospinal tract

82
Q

Where do extra-pyramidal tracts originate from

83
Q

Role of extra-pyramidal tract

A

Involuntary autonomic control of all musculature

84
Q

Name three extra-pyramidal tract

A

RUBROSPINAL
TECTOSPINAL
VESTIBULOSPINAL

85
Q

Role of corticospinal tract

A

TRANSMIT CONTROL OF VOLUNTARY MUSCLES

86
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate

87
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract originate from

A

Contralateral motor cortex

88
Q

Where does the medial corticospinal tract decussate

A
  1. Leaves via anterior white commissure to axial muscles (head and trunk)
89
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract innervate

A

Limb muscles

90
Q

Where does the Upper motor neurone originate from

A

Motor cortex

91
Q

Where can a UMN lesion occur

A

Cortex all the way down to the ventral horn

92
Q

Cell bodies of lower motor neurones location

A

Ventral horns

93
Q

What is the vestibulospinal tract needed for

A

Muscle tone

Balance and posture by innervating antigravity muscles

94
Q

Where are vestibulospinal tract originating from

A

Vestibular nucleus

95
Q

Is Vestibulospinal tract decussating

96
Q

Role of tectospinal tract

A

Visual stimuli causes head to turn

97
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originate from

A

Tectum: Superior colliculus

98
Q

Does tectospinal tract decussate

A

At the midbrain - contralateral

99
Q

Role of the rubrospinal tract

A

Facilitates flexor and inhibits extensors - fine hand movements

100
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract originate from

A

Red nucleus

101
Q

Does the rubrospinal tract decussate

A

Midbrain - contralateral

102
Q

What is Brown-Sequard Syndrome

A

Heme-Section of the spinal cord

103
Q

What is brown-sequard syndrome

A
  1. Ipsilateral weakness below lesion due to ipsilateral descending motor corticospinal tract (decussated already at medulla)
  2. Ipsilateral loss of dorsal column proprioception below lesion as ascending tracts are damaged before they could desiccate
  3. Contralateral loss of spinothalamic pain and temperature as spinothalamic fibres decussate just after entering the spinal cord

OVERALL:
Ipsilateral loss: proprioception, motor and fine touch

Contralateral loss: pain, temperature and crude touch

104
Q

What is lower motor lesion

A

Nerve fibre can’t properly innervate the muscle fibre so = flaccid paralysis

105
Q

How is spastic paralysis caused

A

If nerve cuts above the alpha motor neurone which results in spastic (tense) paralysis

Year 2 (155 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions