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Year 2 > Benign and malignant tumours: Tumour classification > Flashcards

Benign and malignant tumours: Tumour classification Flashcards

1
Q

Define tumour

A

Any abnormal swelling (e.g. neoplasm, inflammation, hypertrophy and hyperplasia)

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2
Q

Define neoplasm

A

A lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed:

Autonomous -> Abnormal -> PERSISTENT -> new growth

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3
Q

What is a lesion

A

A localised abnormality

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4
Q

Why should we study neoplasia

A
  1. 25% of the population
  2. All ages
  3. Increased risk with age
  4. Mortality rate high
  5. 20% of all deaths (malignant neoplasia)
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5
Q

What is the most common form of cancer in males

A

Prostate cancer

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6
Q

What is the most common cancer that men die of

A

LUNG cancer

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7
Q

Where do neoplastic cells derive from

A

Nucleated cells that are monoclonal

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8
Q

What is the growth pattern of neoplastic cells

A

SImilar to parent cells

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9
Q

What does the neoplastic cell produce

A

The same products as the parent cells

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10
Q

What is the role of a neoplatic cell’s stromas

A

Connective tissue framework
Mechanical support
Nutrition

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11
Q

Is every cell in a neoplastic tissue a neoplast

A

No

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12
Q

How long can a tumour grow

A

2mm in diamterer

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13
Q

Outline the stages of tumour development

A
  1. Avascular tumour nodule forms
  2. Tumour becomes vascularised
  3. Vascularised tumour has central necrosis
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14
Q

Why is the centre of a neoplastic tumour dead

A

Because it’s not vascularised

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15
Q

What is needed for neoplastic tumour growth

A

Angiogenesis

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16
Q

Define angiogenesis

A

Production of new blood vessels

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17
Q

Why do we classify neoplasms (2)

A
  1. Determine appropriate treatment

2. Provide prognostic information

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18
Q

What are the two methods of neoplasm classification

A

Behavioural (benign/malignant/borderline)

Histogenetic (cell origin)

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19
Q

Where are borderline neoplasms found

A

Ovary (they look benign, not malignant)

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20
Q

5 characteristics of benign neoplasms

A
  1. Localised, non-invasive
  2. Slow growth rate
  3. Low mitotic figures
  4. Close resemblance to normal tissue
  5. Circumscribed or encapsulated
21
Q

How common is necrosis and ulceration in benign neoplasms

A

rare

22
Q

Define adenoma

A

Benign tissue formed from glands in epithelium

23
Q

Why do we worry about benign neoplasms

A
  1. Pressure on adjacent structures
  2. Obstruct flow
  3. Production of horses
  4. Transformation to malignant neoplasm
  5. Anxiety
24
Q

What are 5 characteristics of a malignant neoplasm

A
  1. Invasive
  2. Metastases
  3. Rapid growth rate
  4. Variable resemblance to normal tissue
  5. Poorly defined or irregular border
25
Q

Why are malignant neoplasms poorly defined

A

Because the cells are all invading each other and the matrix

26
Q

How can we identify a malignant neoplasm under a slide

A
  1. Common necrosis
  2. Ulceration common
  3. Growth on mucosal surfaces
    4 Endophytic
  4. Hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei
27
Q

Why do we worry about malignant neoplasms

A
  1. Destroy tissue
  2. Metastases
  3. Blood loss from ulcers
  4. Obstruction of flow
  5. Hormone production
  6. Anxiety and pain
28
Q

Define histogenesis

A

Specific cell of origin of a tumour

29
Q

Where do neoplasms in general arise from (3)

A

Epithelial cells
Connective tissues
Lymphoid/haemopoietic organs

30
Q

What is the nomenclature of a neoplasm

A

Has suffix - oma

Prefix is cased on behavioural classification and cell of origin

31
Q

What is a papilloma

A

Benign tumour of the epithelium that is non-glandular

32
Q

What is an adenoma

A

Benign tumour of the epithelium that is GLANDULAR

33
Q

What is a carcinoma of an epithelium

A

Malignant neoplastic tumour of epithelial cells

^all you need dos ay for the exam

34
Q

What is an adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of epithelial cells with glandular structures

35
Q

What is a lipoma

A

Adipocyte benign neoplasm

36
Q

What is a chondroma

A

Cartilage benign neoplasm

37
Q

What is an osteoma

A

Bone benign neoplasm

38
Q

What is an angioma

A

Vascular benign neoplasm

39
Q

What is rhabdomyoma

A

Benign striated muscle neoplasm

40
Q

What is a leiomyoma

A

Smooth muscle benign neoplasm

41
Q

What if I had a liposarcoma

A

This is a MALIGNANT adipose neoplasm

42
Q

What suffix is added to the name to indicate its malignant

A

SARCOMA (e.g. angiosarcoma)

43
Q

What is anapaestic

A

Cell type origin is unknown

44
Q

Is a granuloma a type of neoplasm

A

No

45
Q

Is mycetoma and tuberculoma a type of neoplasm

A

No

46
Q

What malignant tumours are an exception to the carcinoma and sarcoma nomenclature

A
  1. Melanoma
  2. Mesothelioma
  3. Lymphoma
  4. Embryonal tumours
  5. Teratoma
  6. Mixed tumours
  7. Named after people tumours
47
Q

What are teratomas

A

Combination of the trilaminar disc layers

48
Q

What is a carcinosarcoma

A

Malignant epithelium AND

Year 2 (155 decks)

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