Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 > Carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Define carcinogenesis

A

The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permenant genetic alterations or mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What cells does carcinogenesis apply to

A

Malignant neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define oncogenesis

A

Benign and malignant tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many steps are in carcinogenic

A

Several

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do carcinogens result in

A

Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do oncogens reuslt in

A

Tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the biggest cause of cancer

A

Environmental factors (85%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are three complications with trying to identify carcinogens and risk of cancer

A
  1. Can be decades to develop
  2. Complexity of the environment
  3. Ethical constraints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is hepatocellular carcinoma common

A

AREAS with high hepatitis B/C and mycotoxins (Egypt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is hepatocellular carcinoma common in UK and USA

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is oesophageal carcinoma common

A

Japan, China (chicken), Turkey and Iran (extremely hot coffee - repeated exposure to heat )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What factor increases risk of oesophageal cancer

A

Food (Linhsien chickens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many deaths per year is attributed to Lung Cancer

A

35,000 per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What factor is associated with lung cancer

A

Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What other cancer is strongly related to smoking other than lung

A

Bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is risk of bladder cancer increased

A

Those who work in the aniline dye and rubber industries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the causative agent of bladder cancer

A

Beta-nephthylamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where was scortal carcinoma at its peak risk

A

Chimney sweeping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What was the carcinogen involved in scrotal cancer with chimney sweeps

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How did chernobyl contribute to an increase in cancer incidence in Ukranian children

A

Release of I(125) and I(131) into the atmosphere

Moved into ukraine and gave children thyroid cancer 4 years later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name some methods of experimental evidence for cancer causes (3)

A
  1. Incidence of tumours in lab animals
  2. Cell/tissue cultures
  3. Mutagenicity testing in bacterial cultures
22
Q

Why is experimental evidence on animals NOT an effective way to prove cancer

A
  1. Animals/cultures may metabolise agents differently to humans
  2. Bacterial mutation may not = carcinogenicity in bacteria but may do in humans
23
Q

What are 5 classes of carcinogen

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Viral
  3. Ionising and non-ionising radiation
  4. Hormones, parasites and mycotoxins
  5. Miscellaneous
24
Q

How do chemical carcinogens act on tissues

A
  1. Directly
  2. Convert from pro-carcinogens -> ultimate carcinogens
  3. Enzymes required may be ubiquitous or confined to certain organs
25
Q

What tumours can polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause

A

Lung and Skin cancer

26
Q

What are the source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Smoking

Mineral Oils

27
Q

What cancer can aromatic amines cause

A

Bladder cancer

28
Q

Source of aromatic amines

A

Rubber/dye workers

29
Q

What can nitrosamines cause

A

Gut Cancer

30
Q

What cancer can alkylating agents cause

A

Leukaemia

31
Q

What complications can arise from exposure to UV light

A

Increase in BCC, melanoma and SCC
Increase in Xeroderma
Pigmentosum

32
Q

In what job are skin cancers common

A

Radiographers

33
Q

What career has an increased risk of lung cancer

A

Uranium miners

34
Q

An increase in what hormone increases the chance of which cancer

A
  1. Oestrogen

2. Hepatocellular carcinoma

35
Q

What mycotoxin increases the risk of cancer and what cancer is this

A
  1. Alfatoxin B1

Hepatocellular carcinoma

36
Q

What parasite increases the chance of bladder cancer

A

Shistosoma

37
Q

What parasite causes cholangiocarcinoma

A

Chlonorchis Sinensis

38
Q

What cancer is caused by Asbestos

A

Malignant mesothelioma
Lung cancer
Asbestosis

39
Q

What is malignant mesothelioma

A

Cancer of mesothelium

40
Q

What five host factors can result in a cancer

A
  1. race
  2. diet
  3. constitutional factors (age, gender)
  4. Premalignant lesions
  5. Transplacental exposure
41
Q

What cancer is common in India and SE asia and why

A

Increased oral cancer

Due to reverse smoking and metal chewing

42
Q

Why is skin cancer risk lower in blacks

A

Due to melanin

43
Q

Give three examples of constitutional host factors

A
  1. Inherited predisposition
  2. Age
  3. Gender
44
Q

What chromosome causes increased predisposition for familial polyposis coli

A

Chromosome 5

45
Q

What chromosome causes increased predisposition for retinoblastoma

A

Chromosome 13

46
Q

How is age associated with cancer

A

Increases with age

47
Q

How is gender associated with cancer

A

e.g. Breast cancer in females

48
Q

What are premalignant lesions

A

An identifiable local abnormality that is associated with an increased risk of a malignant tumour developing at the site

49
Q

4 examples of premalignant lesions

A
  1. Colonic polyps
  2. Cervical dysplasia
  3. Ulcerative colitis
  4. Undescended testis
50
Q

How did diethylstilbestrol effect women who wanted to stop abortions

A

Increased risk of transplacental carcinogenesis

Year 2 (155 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions