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Year 2 > Protozoa > Flashcards

Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What defines a protozoa

A

Eukaryotic (single cell with nucleus)

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2
Q

What are there 5 major groups of protozoa

A
  1. Flagellates
  2. Amoebae
  3. Sporozoa
  4. Ciliates
  5. Microsporidia
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3
Q

What endemic is currently effecting Africa

A

Human African Trypanosomiasis

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4
Q

How is the trypanosomes transmitted

A

Bite of an infected Tsetse fly

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5
Q

Symptoms of Human African Trypanosomiasis

A

Fly-like symptoms
Alteration of the biological clock
Seizures

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6
Q

How is American Trypanosomiasis spread

A

Faeces of triatomine bug

Blood and food

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7
Q

What are two phases of American Trypanosomiasis

A

Asymptomatic (most go asymptomatic)

Life-threatening

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8
Q

Why can American Trypanosomiasis be life-threatening

A
  1. Chronic inflammation -> Fibrosis
  2. Dilated cardiomyopathy -> Heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest
  3. Colon -> Malnutrition
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9
Q

How is Leishmaniasis spread

A

Bite of the sandfly

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10
Q

How is Leishmaniasis diagnosed

A

Through biopsy

Serology combined with clinical signs

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11
Q

What can act as a reservoir for Leishmaniasis

A

Animals

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12
Q

What is the most common variation of Leishmaniasis

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

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13
Q

How long does it take for cutaneous leishmaniasis to appear

A
  1. Week to months
  2. Ulcers on the exposed parts of the body
  3. Lesions
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14
Q

Do the ulcers disappear in the cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

No, they invariably leave permanent scars

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15
Q

What is the consequence of lesions from mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

A

Lesions can lead to partial or total destruction of mucous membranes of nose, mouth and throat

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16
Q

What three issues can people face with Leishmaniasis

A
  1. Social Rejection
  2. Scarring
  3. Superadded Infection
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17
Q

Long-term effects of mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Recurrent bacterial pneumonias

Die from sepsis due to the destruction caused to their nose and palate

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18
Q

What does Visceral Leishmaniasis cause

A

Black Fever

Weight loss
Anaemia

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19
Q

How is Visceral Leishmaniasis diagnosed

A

Biopsy

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20
Q

How long until Visceral Leishmaniasis killed a person

A

2 years

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21
Q

How is Trichomonas Vaginalis spread

A

STD

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22
Q

Symptoms of Trichomonas Vaginalis

A

Asymptomatic
Dysuria
Yellow frothy discharge

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23
Q

How is Trichomonas Vaginalis

A

Metronidazole

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24
Q

What is Metronidazole

A

Antibiotic

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25
Q

How is Giardiasis (flagellate) spread

A

Faecal-oral spread

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26
Q

Symptoms of Giardiasis

A

Diarrhoea
Cramps
Bloating
Cysts in stool

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27
Q

How is Giardiasis treated

A

Metronidazole

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28
Q

How is Amoebiasis spread

A

Faeco-Oral spread

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29
Q

What does Amoebiasis cause

A

Dysentry
Colitis
Liver + Lung abscesses
Cysts seen in stool

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30
Q

What is Amoebiasis treated by

A

Metronidazole

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31
Q

Symptoms of Amoebiasis

A

Invade colon and consume red blood cells

Begins asymptomatically

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32
Q

Symptoms of Cryptosporidiosis (Sporozoa)

A
  1. Diarrhoea
  2. Vomiting
  3. Oocytes in stool
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33
Q

When is cryptosporidiosis severe

A

Immunocompromised

34
Q

How long does infection by cryptosporidiosis last

A

1-2 weeks

35
Q

How is toxoplasmosis (protozoa) caught

A

Ingestion of oocytes in contaminated food and water /faeces

36
Q

What three things can Toxoplasmosis cause

A
  1. Disseminated disease
  2. Toxoplasma Encephalitis
  3. Chorioretinitis
37
Q

What women are particularly susceptible to toxoplasmosis

A

Pregnancy

38
Q

What species tend to be most effected by toxoplasmosis

A

Cats

39
Q

Why are humans and other mammals intermediate hosts for toxoplasmosis

A

They can only get it from ingestion

40
Q

Pathology of toxoplasmosis

A
  1. Ingest oocyte
  2. Haematogenous spread
  3. Invasion of tissues and tissue cysts develop
  4. Primarily in muscles and neurons
41
Q

Symptoms of acute toxoplasmosis

A

Asymptomatic (90%)

Glandular fever (10%)

42
Q

How do we reduce effects of toxoplasmosis

A

Prevention:

  1. Avoid raw meats
  2. Avoid unpasteurised goats milk
  3. Wear gloves or wash hands
43
Q

Define myalgia

A

Muscle pains

44
Q

How is malaria transmitted

A

Bite of female anopheles mosquitos

45
Q

5 Species of Malaria-causing toxoplasmodium

A
  1. Plasmodium falciparum
  2. Plasmodium ovale
  3. Plasmodium Vivax
  4. Plasmodium malariae
  5. Plasmodium Knowlesi
46
Q

How long does it take for malaria to show

A

1 year

47
Q

Which Plasmodium causes the most severe disease of malaria

A

Falciparum

48
Q

When do symptoms for falciparum infection show

A

In a month

49
Q

How do we diagnose malaria

A

Light microscopy

Blood sample in thick and thin films

50
Q

Properties of thick film

A

Sensitive but low resolution (does this person have malaria)

51
Q

Properties of thin film

A

Allows identification of species of malaria (high resolution)

52
Q

How many blood films are done

A

Three (as this is the length of the lifecycle)

53
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A 
Fever
Headache
Myalgia
Fatigue
Diarrhoea
Jaundice
Hepatosplenomegaly
54
Q

What is Hepatosplenomegaly

A

Enlargement of the liver and spleen

55
Q

How does the plasmodium infect a human

A
  1. Mosquito bites an infected human

2. Ingests plasmodium gametocytes

56
Q

Lifecycle for a mosquito

A

4 weeks

57
Q

Development of gametocytes

A
  1. In the midgut of the mosquito undergo development and form sporozoites in salivary glands of mosquito
  2. Mosquito takes blood meal and injects sporozoites into human
58
Q

Where are sporozoites often injected in the human

A

Hepatocytes of the liver

59
Q

What do the sporozoites develop into

A

Schizont which bursts and infects red blood cells

60
Q

What symptom is associated with Schizont development

A

ABDO PAIN

61
Q

What happens to the plasmodium that infect the red blood cells

A

Becomes a trophozoite

62
Q

What form of the plasmodium do we see on a blood film to diagnose the malaria

A

Trophozoites

63
Q

What happens after the trophozoite develops

A

Forms into another Schizont which ruptures and re-infects another RBC

OR

Develop back into gametocytes

Blood stage

64
Q

What symptoms are associated with the blood stage of malaria

A

Haemolysis -> anaemia -> Jaundice -> Haemoglobinurea

FEVER

65
Q

What happens to the trophozoites -> gametocytes

A

Taken up by another mosquito during a blood meal

66
Q

Why are plasmodium falciparum more dangerous

A

Infected RBCs have knobs on surface which bind to endothelial cells

OBSTRUCTURED CIRCULATION - HYPOXIA

67
Q

What is cerebral Malaria caused by

A

Infection by P. falciparum

68
Q

How does P. falciparum cause cerebral malaria

A
  1. Vascular occlusion
  2. Hypoglycaemia

Drowsiness
Seizures
Coma

69
Q

How does P. falciparum cause ARDS (Acute respiratory Distress Syndrome)

A

Vascular occlusion, anaemia, lactic acidosis and increased vascular permeability leads to hypoxia, pulmonary oedema

70
Q

How does P. Falciparum cause renal failure

A

Proteinuria
Fatigue
Haematuria

Due to..

Vascular occlusion
Dehydration
Hypotension
Haemolysis

71
Q

How does thrombocytopenia occur

A

Platelet aggregation and reduced circulating platelets

72
Q

How does P. falciparum cause bleeding

A

DIC and Thrombocytopenia leads to abnormal bleeding and epistaxis

73
Q

Define epistaxis

A

Nose bleeds

74
Q

What causes DIC

A

Generalised inflammation activates coagulation cascade causing clotting factors to be used up - micro clots form

75
Q

Why do people with malaria go into shock

A
  1. Pro-inflammatory cascade causes vasodilation
  2. Anaemia causes cariogenic shock
  3. Bleeding causes hypovolaemic shock
  4. Increased vascular permeability causes leaked fluid into space
76
Q

Describe the pro-inflammatory cascade associated with malaria

A
  1. Alters endothelial cell wall function -> leaky vessels -> ARDA , sepsis
  2. Switches cells to anaerobic metabolism -> hypoxia and lactate increases
  3. Reduces gluconeogenesis -> hypoglucaemia
77
Q

How is malaria treated

A
  1. IV Quinine = Doxycycline

2. IV artesunate

78
Q

What is the problem with artesunate

A

Some are becoming resistant

79
Q

Why do we have releases in malaria

A

P. ovale and vivat form hypnozoites in the liver which re-activate after being dormant

80
Q

How do we eliminate the hypnozoites

A

Use primiquine

Chloroquine to treat acute infection

81
Q

What do we need to look out for when using Primaquine

A

Can cause haemolysis if deficient in G6PD

Year 2 (155 decks)

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