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Year 2 > Protozoa > Flashcards

Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What defines a protozoa

A

Eukaryotic (single cell with nucleus)

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2
Q

What are there 5 major groups of protozoa

A
  1. Flagellates
  2. Amoebae
  3. Sporozoa
  4. Ciliates
  5. Microsporidia
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3
Q

What endemic is currently effecting Africa

A

Human African Trypanosomiasis

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4
Q

How is the trypanosomes transmitted

A

Bite of an infected Tsetse fly

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5
Q

Symptoms of Human African Trypanosomiasis

A

Fly-like symptoms
Alteration of the biological clock
Seizures

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6
Q

How is American Trypanosomiasis spread

A

Faeces of triatomine bug

Blood and food

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7
Q

What are two phases of American Trypanosomiasis

A

Asymptomatic (most go asymptomatic)

Life-threatening

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8
Q

Why can American Trypanosomiasis be life-threatening

A
  1. Chronic inflammation -> Fibrosis
  2. Dilated cardiomyopathy -> Heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest
  3. Colon -> Malnutrition
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9
Q

How is Leishmaniasis spread

A

Bite of the sandfly

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10
Q

How is Leishmaniasis diagnosed

A

Through biopsy

Serology combined with clinical signs

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11
Q

What can act as a reservoir for Leishmaniasis

A

Animals

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12
Q

What is the most common variation of Leishmaniasis

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

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13
Q

How long does it take for cutaneous leishmaniasis to appear

A
  1. Week to months
  2. Ulcers on the exposed parts of the body
  3. Lesions
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14
Q

Do the ulcers disappear in the cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

No, they invariably leave permanent scars

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15
Q

What is the consequence of lesions from mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

A

Lesions can lead to partial or total destruction of mucous membranes of nose, mouth and throat

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16
Q

What three issues can people face with Leishmaniasis

A
  1. Social Rejection
  2. Scarring
  3. Superadded Infection
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17
Q

Long-term effects of mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Recurrent bacterial pneumonias

Die from sepsis due to the destruction caused to their nose and palate

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18
Q

What does Visceral Leishmaniasis cause

A

Black Fever

Weight loss
Anaemia

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19
Q

How is Visceral Leishmaniasis diagnosed

A

Biopsy

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20
Q

How long until Visceral Leishmaniasis killed a person

A

2 years

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21
Q

How is Trichomonas Vaginalis spread

A

STD

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22
Q

Symptoms of Trichomonas Vaginalis

A

Asymptomatic
Dysuria
Yellow frothy discharge

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23
Q

How is Trichomonas Vaginalis

A

Metronidazole

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24
Q

What is Metronidazole

A

Antibiotic

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25
How is Giardiasis (flagellate) spread
Faecal-oral spread
26
Symptoms of Giardiasis
Diarrhoea Cramps Bloating Cysts in stool
27
How is Giardiasis treated
Metronidazole
28
How is Amoebiasis spread
Faeco-Oral spread
29
What does Amoebiasis cause
Dysentry Colitis Liver + Lung abscesses Cysts seen in stool
30
What is Amoebiasis treated by
Metronidazole
31
Symptoms of Amoebiasis
Invade colon and consume red blood cells Begins asymptomatically
32
Symptoms of Cryptosporidiosis (Sporozoa)
1. Diarrhoea 2. Vomiting 3. Oocytes in stool
33
When is cryptosporidiosis severe
Immunocompromised
34
How long does infection by cryptosporidiosis last
1-2 weeks
35
How is toxoplasmosis (protozoa) caught
Ingestion of oocytes in contaminated food and water /faeces
36
What three things can Toxoplasmosis cause
1. Disseminated disease 2. Toxoplasma Encephalitis 3. Chorioretinitis
37
What women are particularly susceptible to toxoplasmosis
Pregnancy
38
What species tend to be most effected by toxoplasmosis
Cats
39
Why are humans and other mammals intermediate hosts for toxoplasmosis
They can only get it from ingestion
40
Pathology of toxoplasmosis
1. Ingest oocyte 2. Haematogenous spread 3. Invasion of tissues and tissue cysts develop 4. Primarily in muscles and neurons
41
Symptoms of acute toxoplasmosis
Asymptomatic (90%) Glandular fever (10%)
42
How do we reduce effects of toxoplasmosis
Prevention: 1. Avoid raw meats 2. Avoid unpasteurised goats milk 3. Wear gloves or wash hands
43
Define myalgia
Muscle pains
44
How is malaria transmitted
Bite of female anopheles mosquitos
45
5 Species of Malaria-causing toxoplasmodium
1. Plasmodium falciparum 2. Plasmodium ovale 3. Plasmodium Vivax 4. Plasmodium malariae 5. Plasmodium Knowlesi
46
How long does it take for malaria to show
1 year
47
Which Plasmodium causes the most severe disease of malaria
Falciparum
48
When do symptoms for falciparum infection show
In a month
49
How do we diagnose malaria
Light microscopy Blood sample in thick and thin films
50
Properties of thick film
Sensitive but low resolution (does this person have malaria)
51
Properties of thin film
Allows identification of species of malaria (high resolution)
52
How many blood films are done
Three (as this is the length of the lifecycle)
53
Symptoms of malaria
``` Fever Headache Myalgia Fatigue Diarrhoea Jaundice Hepatosplenomegaly ```
54
What is Hepatosplenomegaly
Enlargement of the liver and spleen
55
How does the plasmodium infect a human
1. Mosquito bites an infected human | 2. Ingests plasmodium gametocytes
56
Lifecycle for a mosquito
4 weeks
57
Development of gametocytes
1. In the midgut of the mosquito undergo development and form sporozoites in salivary glands of mosquito 2. Mosquito takes blood meal and injects sporozoites into human
58
Where are sporozoites often injected in the human
Hepatocytes of the liver
59
What do the sporozoites develop into
Schizont which bursts and infects red blood cells
60
What symptom is associated with Schizont development
ABDO PAIN
61
What happens to the plasmodium that infect the red blood cells
Becomes a trophozoite
62
What form of the plasmodium do we see on a blood film to diagnose the malaria
Trophozoites
63
What happens after the trophozoite develops
Forms into another Schizont which ruptures and re-infects another RBC OR Develop back into gametocytes Blood stage
64
What symptoms are associated with the blood stage of malaria
Haemolysis -> anaemia -> Jaundice -> Haemoglobinurea FEVER
65
What happens to the trophozoites -> gametocytes
Taken up by another mosquito during a blood meal
66
Why are plasmodium falciparum more dangerous
Infected RBCs have knobs on surface which bind to endothelial cells OBSTRUCTURED CIRCULATION - HYPOXIA
67
What is cerebral Malaria caused by
Infection by P. falciparum
68
How does P. falciparum cause cerebral malaria
1. Vascular occlusion 2. Hypoglycaemia Drowsiness Seizures Coma
69
How does P. falciparum cause ARDS (Acute respiratory Distress Syndrome)
Vascular occlusion, anaemia, lactic acidosis and increased vascular permeability leads to hypoxia, pulmonary oedema
70
How does P. Falciparum cause renal failure
Proteinuria Fatigue Haematuria Due to.. Vascular occlusion Dehydration Hypotension Haemolysis
71
How does thrombocytopenia occur
Platelet aggregation and reduced circulating platelets
72
How does P. falciparum cause bleeding
DIC and Thrombocytopenia leads to abnormal bleeding and epistaxis
73
Define epistaxis
Nose bleeds
74
What causes DIC
Generalised inflammation activates coagulation cascade causing clotting factors to be used up - micro clots form
75
Why do people with malaria go into shock
1. Pro-inflammatory cascade causes vasodilation 2. Anaemia causes cariogenic shock 3. Bleeding causes hypovolaemic shock 4. Increased vascular permeability causes leaked fluid into space
76
Describe the pro-inflammatory cascade associated with malaria
1. Alters endothelial cell wall function -> leaky vessels -> ARDA , sepsis 2. Switches cells to anaerobic metabolism -> hypoxia and lactate increases 3. Reduces gluconeogenesis -> hypoglucaemia
77
How is malaria treated
1. IV Quinine = Doxycycline | 2. IV artesunate
78
What is the problem with artesunate
Some are becoming resistant
79
Why do we have releases in malaria
P. ovale and vivat form hypnozoites in the liver which re-activate after being dormant
80
How do we eliminate the hypnozoites
Use primiquine Chloroquine to treat acute infection
81
What do we need to look out for when using Primaquine
Can cause haemolysis if deficient in G6PD

Year 2 (155 decks)

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