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Year 2 > Introduction to Endocrinology > Flashcards

Introduction to Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine vs Exocrine

A

Without ducts - Endocrine

With ducts - Exocrine

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2
Q

Define paracrine action

A

Acts on adjacent cells

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3
Q

Define Autocrine

A

Substances released by the cell will act on that cell

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4
Q

Difference in transport of water soluble and fat soluble hormones

A

Unbound - Water

Bound - fat

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5
Q

Difference in cell interaction of water soluble and fat soluble hormones

A

Water - bind to surface receptor

Fat - Diffuse into cell

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6
Q

Difference in Half-life of water soluble and fat soluble hormones

A

Water - short

Fat - long

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7
Q

Difference in clearance of water soluble and fat soluble hormones

A

Water - Fast

Fat - slow

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8
Q

Where are peptides stored

A

Vesicles

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9
Q

Are steroids stored

A

No, they are synthesised on demand

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10
Q

What two structures do peptides come in

A

Linear or ringed

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11
Q

How many chains do peptide hormones have

A

2

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12
Q

Three characteristics of peptides

A

Stored in secretory granules
Hydrophilic
Water soluble

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13
Q

What form are peptide hormones synthesised as

A

Preprohormone -> prohormone (cleaved) at ribosomes
Packaged: Prohormone -> hormone
Released: hormone

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14
Q

What kind of hormone are amines

A

Water souble

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15
Q

Where are amine derived from

A

Phenylalanine

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16
Q

Describe the path of production of epinephrine

A

L-phenylalanine -> L-tyrosine -> L-DOPA -> DOPAMINE -> Norephinephrine -> Epinepherine

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17
Q

How does epinephrine act on receptors

A

Binds to alpha-adrenoceptor :

  1. Receptor linked to Gq
  2. IP3 produced
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18
Q

What are thyroid hormones bound to

A

Albumin

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19
Q

What proportion of T3 in circulation is secreted directly by thyroid

A

20%

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20
Q

Property of vitamin D

A

Fat-Soluble

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21
Q

Describe the production of vitamin D

A

7-dehydrocholesterol -> Cholecalciferol -> Unfinished

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22
Q

Describe steroid action

A
  1. Steroid diffuses into cell
  2. Receptor-hormone complex forms
  3. Complex bins to GRE
  4. Transcription of gene to mRNA
23
Q

What is basal secretion of hormones

A

Continuous or pulsatile secretion by cells

24
Q

What is the rhythmic secretion of hormones

A

The amount of hormone secreted depends on the time of day (GH and TSH)

25
Q

Role of inhibiting factors in steroid secretion

A

Increased secretion of one hormone inhibits secretion of another

26
Q

Define synergism

A

Combined effects of two hormones amplified

27
Q

Define antagonism

A

One hormone opposes another

28
Q

What is hormone receptor induction

A

Induction of LH receptors by FSH

29
Q

What is hormone down-regulation

A

Hormone secreted in large quantities causes down regulation of its target receptors

30
Q

Where are hormones produced in the posterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus by the paraventricular nucleus OR supraoptic nucleus

31
Q

What is the blood supply to the posterior pituitary gland

A

Inferior hypophyseal artery

32
Q

Where are hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland stored

A

Axon terminals

33
Q

What stimuli causes increased vasopressin secretion

A

When blood volume falls (e.g. during shock )

34
Q

What is oxytocin responsible for

A

Uterine contractions

35
Q

What simulates oxytocin release other than labour

A

Suckling by myoepithelial cells

36
Q

What simulates oxytocin release other than labour

A

Suckling by myoepithelial cells

37
Q

Signs of a pituitary dysfunction

A

Tumour mass effects (will compress surrounding structures like the third, fourth and sixth cranial nerves which control eye movement and fifth which controls eye sensation)

Excess blood hormone levels

Hormone deficiency

38
Q

Where is GH produced

A

Anterior pituitary gland

39
Q

What does GH act on

A

Causes release of IGFs
Fat metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Increased protein synthesis

40
Q

What stimulates release of GH

A

GNRH released by the hypothalamus

41
Q

Where is TRH produced

A

Hypothalamus

42
Q

What does TRH do

A

Causes secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary gland

43
Q

Functions of the thyroid hormones

A
  1. Accelerates food metabolism
  2. Increases protein synthesis
  3. Stimulates carb metabolism
  4. Increases fat metabolism
  5. Increase Ventilation rate
  6. Increase CO and HR
  7. Growth rate accelerated
  8. Brain development during foetal life
44
Q

What is the half life of T4

A

5-7 days

45
Q

Half life of T3

A

1 day

46
Q

What happens to T4 in the periphery sites

A

Converted to T3 which then activates the nucleus (most active form)

47
Q

What causes release of ACTH

A

CRH b the hypothalamus

48
Q

What does ACTH act on

A

Adrenal glands tor please Cortisol

49
Q

Where in the adrenal gland is cortisol secreted from

A

Zona fasciculata

50
Q

What is secreted from the Zona glomerulosa

A

Aldosterone

51
Q

What is secreted from the Zona reticularis

A

Androstenedione

DHEA

52
Q

Describe the Renin-angiotensin system

A

Check book

53
Q

What is secreted by the adrenal medulla

A

Adrenaline

Year 2 (155 decks)

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