Pattern Recognition Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of pathogenic bacteria and fungi

A

Phagocytosis and killing of cells

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2
Q

Role of viruses

A

Cellular shut-down, cellular resistance

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3
Q

What are PAMPs

A

General molecular features common to many types of pathogens

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4
Q

Give an example of a PAMP

A

Lipopolysaccharides
Viral and bacterial nucleic acids
Protein found in flagellum

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5
Q

What are PRRs

A

A family of proteins which recognise and bind to a variety of pathogen ligands

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6
Q

What two forms are PRRs found in

A
  1. Secreted

2. Cell-associated

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7
Q

How do TLRs and PRRs drive cytokine production

A
  1. They activate

2. Antigen-presenting cells can increase the likelihood of a successful T cell activation

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8
Q

Name two PRRs secreted in lining fluids from epithelia and phagocytes

A
  1. Defensives

2. Cathelicidin

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9
Q

Role of defensives

A

Disrupt bacterial membranes as they are POSITIVELY charged

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10
Q

Role of cathelicidin

A

Disrupts microbial membranes

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11
Q

What is the role of lectin and collections

A

Bind carbohydrates or lipids in microbe walls

- Activate complement and improve phagocytosis

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12
Q

Role of pentraxins

A
  1. Antimicrobial
  2. Reach with C protein of pneumococci
  3. Activate complement
  4. Promote phagocytosis
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13
Q

Example of pentraxins

A

C-reactive proteins

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14
Q

Where are TLR (Toll-like receptors) found

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils

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15
Q

Role of TLRs

A

Recognise and bind to PAMPs

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16
Q

Describe the physiological stages that take place after binding to a TLR

A

Second messengers are generated within the immune cell which lead to secretion of IL-1, IL12 and TNF-alpha

Stimulate activity of immune cells involved in innate immune response

17
Q

Role of IL-1, IL-12 and TNF-alpha

A

Inflammatory mediators

18
Q

Why are Toll proteins called receptors

A

They are PLASMA-MEMBRANE bound

induce second-messenger formation

19
Q

What do TLRs bind to

A

Extracellular Ligands

20
Q

How do TLRs recognise endogenous damage molecules

A

They have characteristics of hydrophobicity + if they appear in unfamiliar contexts

21
Q

What are the roles of Nod-like receptors

A

Detect intracellular microbial pathogens

22
Q

Name two microbial pathogens detected by NLRs

A

Peptidoglycan

Muramyl Dipeptide

23
Q

What are the three main NLRs

A

NOD1
NOD2
NLPR3

24
Q

Where is NOD2 expressed

A

Everywhere

25
Role of NOD2
Recognises MDP
26
What is MDP a breakdown product of
peptidoglycan
27
Role of NOD2
Activates inflammatory signalling pathways + anti-viral signalling
28
What does a non-functioning mutation of NOD2 lead to
Crohn's disease
29
Two examples of RLRs
RIG-I | MDA5
30
Role of RLRs
Detect intracellular doubt stranded viral RNA and DNA Activates INF production
31
Why is Toll-like receptor 4 different to the other 3
Very little amounts of lipopolysaccharides are needed to cause a signal
32
What do mannose receptors respond to
Fungi
33
Role of Dectin-1 receptors
Recognise beta gluons in fungal wall
34
Where are scavenger receptors found
Macrophages
35
Where do viruses multiply
In the cytoplasm of cells
36
What factor does blood neutrophil numbers depend on
TLR4 (not effected by LPS)
37
Name three extracellular damage molecules
Fibrinogen Hyaluronic Acid Tenascin C
38
Three examples of intracellular damage molecules
Heat shock proteins HMGB1 mRNA stathmin
39
What TLR is used in vaccinations
TLR4