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Year 2 > Pattern Recognition Receptors > Flashcards

Pattern Recognition Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of pathogenic bacteria and fungi

A

Phagocytosis and killing of cells

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2
Q

Role of viruses

A

Cellular shut-down, cellular resistance

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3
Q

What are PAMPs

A

General molecular features common to many types of pathogens

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4
Q

Give an example of a PAMP

A

Lipopolysaccharides
Viral and bacterial nucleic acids
Protein found in flagellum

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5
Q

What are PRRs

A

A family of proteins which recognise and bind to a variety of pathogen ligands

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6
Q

What two forms are PRRs found in

A
  1. Secreted

2. Cell-associated

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7
Q

How do TLRs and PRRs drive cytokine production

A
  1. They activate

2. Antigen-presenting cells can increase the likelihood of a successful T cell activation

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8
Q

Name two PRRs secreted in lining fluids from epithelia and phagocytes

A
  1. Defensives

2. Cathelicidin

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9
Q

Role of defensives

A

Disrupt bacterial membranes as they are POSITIVELY charged

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10
Q

Role of cathelicidin

A

Disrupts microbial membranes

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11
Q

What is the role of lectin and collections

A

Bind carbohydrates or lipids in microbe walls

- Activate complement and improve phagocytosis

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12
Q

Role of pentraxins

A
  1. Antimicrobial
  2. Reach with C protein of pneumococci
  3. Activate complement
  4. Promote phagocytosis
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13
Q

Example of pentraxins

A

C-reactive proteins

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14
Q

Where are TLR (Toll-like receptors) found

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils

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15
Q

Role of TLRs

A

Recognise and bind to PAMPs

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16
Q

Describe the physiological stages that take place after binding to a TLR

A

Second messengers are generated within the immune cell which lead to secretion of IL-1, IL12 and TNF-alpha

Stimulate activity of immune cells involved in innate immune response

17
Q

Role of IL-1, IL-12 and TNF-alpha

A

Inflammatory mediators

18
Q

Why are Toll proteins called receptors

A

They are PLASMA-MEMBRANE bound

induce second-messenger formation

19
Q

What do TLRs bind to

A

Extracellular Ligands

20
Q

How do TLRs recognise endogenous damage molecules

A

They have characteristics of hydrophobicity + if they appear in unfamiliar contexts

21
Q

What are the roles of Nod-like receptors

A

Detect intracellular microbial pathogens

22
Q

Name two microbial pathogens detected by NLRs

A

Peptidoglycan

Muramyl Dipeptide

23
Q

What are the three main NLRs

A

NOD1
NOD2
NLPR3

24
Q

Where is NOD2 expressed

A

Everywhere

25
Q

Role of NOD2

A

Recognises MDP

26
Q

What is MDP a breakdown product of

A

peptidoglycan

27
Q

Role of NOD2

A

Activates inflammatory signalling pathways + anti-viral signalling

28
Q

What does a non-functioning mutation of NOD2 lead to

A

Crohn’s disease

29
Q

Two examples of RLRs

A

RIG-I

MDA5

30
Q

Role of RLRs

A

Detect intracellular doubt stranded viral RNA and DNA

Activates INF production

31
Q

Why is Toll-like receptor 4 different to the other 3

A

Very little amounts of lipopolysaccharides are needed to cause a signal

32
Q

What do mannose receptors respond to

A

Fungi

33
Q

Role of Dectin-1 receptors

A

Recognise beta gluons in fungal wall

34
Q

Where are scavenger receptors found

A

Macrophages

35
Q

Where do viruses multiply

A

In the cytoplasm of cells

36
Q

What factor does blood neutrophil numbers depend on

A

TLR4 (not effected by LPS)

37
Q

Name three extracellular damage molecules

A

Fibrinogen
Hyaluronic Acid
Tenascin C

38
Q

Three examples of intracellular damage molecules

A

Heat shock proteins
HMGB1
mRNA
stathmin

39
Q

What TLR is used in vaccinations

A

TLR4

Year 2 (155 decks)

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