Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards
What is the normal weight of a male and female heart
280-340 g - male
230-280 g - female
What cells act as a pacemaker
ALL can!
Predominantly SA cells
What is cardiac failure
Failure to transport blood out of the heart
What is cardiogenic shock
Inadequate blood flow due to dysfunction of the ventricles
What is a sign of cariogenic shock
Low urine production
Cool arms and legs
What happens to cardiac volume as venous return increases
It increases
How does exceeding the stretch capability of the sarcomeres effect cardiac contraction force
Diminishes
What compounds stimulate myocyte hypertrophy
Angiotensin 2
ET-1
IGF-1
TGF- Beta
What do these activate:
Angiotensin 2
ET-1
IGF-1
TGF- Beta
Mitogen-activated Protein kinase
Is a loss of cardiac myocytes during life expected
Some is expected
Why does left-sided heart failure occur
- Failure causes blood to move back up into the lungs
- Causes fatigue do to inadequate supply of blood
- Overload on the right side of the heart
Effect of right-sided heart failure
Venous hypertension and congestion
Result of diastolic cardiac failure
Stiffer heart
For how long does the heart only consist of a single chamber during embryogenesis
Until 5th week gestation
What three single-gene associated diseases can increase the risk of congenital heart complications
Trisomy 21
Turner Syndrome
Di-george Syndrome
Diabetes (not single gene)
What is VSD
Ventricular Septal Defect (hol in the septum)
When can VSD, ASD, PDA and hypo plastic left heart syndrome develop in embryogenesis
During initial left -> right shunt
What is tetralogy of Fallot
Hypertrophy of RV
Overriding Aorta
Pulmonic stenosis
Ventricular septum defect
When is tetralogy of Fallot and tricuspid atresia seen
Right -> left shunt
What is conditions can occur when shunting stops
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Aortic stenosis
- Coarction (narrowing of part of the aortic arch)
How does Eisenmenger’s complex develop
Initial left -> right shunting is okay but right -> left is associated with right side cardiac failure and right side cardiac hypertrophy
What is patent foramen Ovale
A hole between the atrias
What is dangerous about patent foramen oval
DVT -> CNS infarction
Eventually causes arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension and RV hypertrophy
What is the risk of patent ductus arterioles
Lung circulation is overloaded with pulmonary hypertension and right-side cardiac failure
due to left -> right shunting
How is PDA treated
By catheters or Indomethacin (prostaglandin inhibitor)
How is tetralogy of diagnosed
Radiology and Macroscopically
Symptom of tetralogy of fallot
Pulmonary stenosis causes RV blood to be shunted into left = cyanosis since birth
Risk of tetralogy of ballot
Cerebral thrombosis and cardiac debility
What is TGA
Transposition of the great arteries
Aorta coming off the RV and pulmonary trunk off the LV
Who does TGA commonly effect
Males
Mother’s who have diabetes
How is it possible to survive TGA
If there is a communication between the circuits and virtually all have an atrial septal defect allowing blood mixing
What is coarctation of aorta
Stenosis of the ductus arterioles extends into the aortic wall
Aorta narrows just after the arch
Where is blood mainly diverted to in coarctation of aorta
Excessive blood flow being diverted through the carotid and subclavian vessels into the systemic vascular shunts to supply the rest oath body
What diseases is the coarctation of the aorta associated with
Turner’s Syndrome and Berry Aneurisms
How is Coarctation of aorta treated
Ablation of stenosed segment
What is Endocardial Fibroelastosis
Stenosis and coarctation resulting in dense collagen and elastic tissues deposited on the endocardium on the LV
What is Dextrocardia
Normal anatomy of the heart is versed with right orientation of access
Problem with repercussion of an ischameic myocardium
Can lead to haemorrhage and generation of superoxide radicals
What can ischaemic myocardial damage lead to
- Arrythmias
2. Cariogenic shock
What is an aneurysm
Dilation of part of the myocardial wall
What is associated with an aneurysm
- Fatty tissue replacement, fibrosis and atrophy of myocytes
When does pericarditis take place
Following infarction (2-10 weeks)
How do we solve pericarditis
- Thrombolytic enzymes
- PTCA
- CBGA
- Stents
What classifies hypertension
Anything greater than 140/90 mm Hg
What is the physiological response to hypertension
Compensatory hypertrophy of the heart initially with increased myocyte size, squaring of the nuclei and slight increase in interstitial fibrous tissue
Initially can handle increased workload but compensation stops
What is Cor Pulmonate
Right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation due to pulmonary hypertension
Features of cor Pulmonate
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Right Side cardiac failure with venous overload
Peripheral oedema and hepatic congestion
What usually causes acute rheumatic fever
Group A Beta-haemolytic streptococcus infection
