Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards by Neil Srivastava

What is the normal weight of a male and female heart

280-340 g - male

230-280 g - female

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What cells act as a pacemaker

ALL can!

Predominantly SA cells

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What is cardiac failure

Failure to transport blood out of the heart

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What is cardiogenic shock

Inadequate blood flow due to dysfunction of the ventricles

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What is a sign of cariogenic shock

Low urine production

Cool arms and legs

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What happens to cardiac volume as venous return increases

It increases

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How does exceeding the stretch capability of the sarcomeres effect cardiac contraction force

Diminishes

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What compounds stimulate myocyte hypertrophy

Angiotensin 2
ET-1
IGF-1
TGF- Beta

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What do these activate:

Angiotensin 2
ET-1
IGF-1
TGF- Beta

Mitogen-activated Protein kinase

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Is a loss of cardiac myocytes during life expected

Some is expected

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Why does left-sided heart failure occur

Failure causes blood to move back up into the lungs
Causes fatigue do to inadequate supply of blood
Overload on the right side of the heart

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Effect of right-sided heart failure

Venous hypertension and congestion

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Result of diastolic cardiac failure

Stiffer heart

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For how long does the heart only consist of a single chamber during embryogenesis

Until 5th week gestation

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What three single-gene associated diseases can increase the risk of congenital heart complications

Trisomy 21
Turner Syndrome
Di-george Syndrome

Diabetes (not single gene)

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What is VSD

Ventricular Septal Defect (hol in the septum)

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When can VSD, ASD, PDA and hypo plastic left heart syndrome develop in embryogenesis

During initial left -> right shunt

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What is tetralogy of Fallot

Hypertrophy of RV
Overriding Aorta
Pulmonic stenosis
Ventricular septum defect

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When is tetralogy of Fallot and tricuspid atresia seen

Right -> left shunt

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What is conditions can occur when shunting stops

Pulmonary stenosis
Aortic stenosis
Coarction (narrowing of part of the aortic arch)

How does Eisenmenger’s complex develop

Initial left -> right shunting is okay but right -> left is associated with right side cardiac failure and right side cardiac hypertrophy

What is patent foramen Ovale

A hole between the atrias

What is dangerous about patent foramen oval

DVT -> CNS infarction

Eventually causes arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension and RV hypertrophy

What is the risk of patent ductus arterioles

Lung circulation is overloaded with pulmonary hypertension and right-side cardiac failure

due to left -> right shunting

How is PDA treated

By catheters or Indomethacin (prostaglandin inhibitor)

How is tetralogy of diagnosed

Radiology and Macroscopically

Symptom of tetralogy of fallot

Pulmonary stenosis causes RV blood to be shunted into left = cyanosis since birth

Risk of tetralogy of ballot

Cerebral thrombosis and cardiac debility

What is TGA

Transposition of the great arteries Aorta coming off the RV and pulmonary trunk off the LV

Who does TGA commonly effect

Males | Mother's who have diabetes

How is it possible to survive TGA

If there is a communication between the circuits and virtually all have an atrial septal defect allowing blood mixing

What is coarctation of aorta

Stenosis of the ductus arterioles extends into the aortic wall Aorta narrows just after the arch

Where is blood mainly diverted to in coarctation of aorta

Excessive blood flow being diverted through the carotid and subclavian vessels into the systemic vascular shunts to supply the rest oath body

What diseases is the coarctation of the aorta associated with

Turner's Syndrome and Berry Aneurisms

How is Coarctation of aorta treated

Ablation of stenosed segment

What is Endocardial Fibroelastosis

Stenosis and coarctation resulting in dense collagen and elastic tissues deposited on the endocardium on the LV

What is Dextrocardia

Normal anatomy of the heart is versed with right orientation of access

Problem with repercussion of an ischameic myocardium

Can lead to haemorrhage and generation of superoxide radicals

What can ischaemic myocardial damage lead to

1. Arrythmias | 2. Cariogenic shock

What is an aneurysm

Dilation of part of the myocardial wall

What is associated with an aneurysm

1. Fatty tissue replacement, fibrosis and atrophy of myocytes

When does pericarditis take place

Following infarction (2-10 weeks)

How do we solve pericarditis

1. Thrombolytic enzymes 2. PTCA 3. CBGA 4. Stents

What classifies hypertension

Anything greater than 140/90 mm Hg

What is the physiological response to hypertension

Compensatory hypertrophy of the heart initially with increased myocyte size, squaring of the nuclei and slight increase in interstitial fibrous tissue Initially can handle increased workload but compensation stops

What is Cor Pulmonate

Right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation due to pulmonary hypertension

Features of cor Pulmonate

Right ventricular hypertrophy Right Side cardiac failure with venous overload Peripheral oedema and hepatic congestion

What usually causes acute rheumatic fever

Group A Beta-haemolytic streptococcus infection