Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 > Cardiovascular Pathology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal weight of a male and female heart

A

280-340 g - male

230-280 g - female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What cells act as a pacemaker

A

ALL can!

Predominantly SA cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cardiac failure

A

Failure to transport blood out of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cardiogenic shock

A

Inadequate blood flow due to dysfunction of the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a sign of cariogenic shock

A

Low urine production

Cool arms and legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to cardiac volume as venous return increases

A

It increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does exceeding the stretch capability of the sarcomeres effect cardiac contraction force

A

Diminishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What compounds stimulate myocyte hypertrophy

A

Angiotensin 2
ET-1
IGF-1
TGF- Beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do these activate:

Angiotensin 2
ET-1
IGF-1
TGF- Beta

A

Mitogen-activated Protein kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is a loss of cardiac myocytes during life expected

A

Some is expected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why does left-sided heart failure occur

A
  1. Failure causes blood to move back up into the lungs
  2. Causes fatigue do to inadequate supply of blood
  3. Overload on the right side of the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Effect of right-sided heart failure

A

Venous hypertension and congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Result of diastolic cardiac failure

A

Stiffer heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

For how long does the heart only consist of a single chamber during embryogenesis

A

Until 5th week gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What three single-gene associated diseases can increase the risk of congenital heart complications

A

Trisomy 21
Turner Syndrome
Di-george Syndrome

Diabetes (not single gene)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is VSD

A

Ventricular Septal Defect (hol in the septum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When can VSD, ASD, PDA and hypo plastic left heart syndrome develop in embryogenesis

A

During initial left -> right shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is tetralogy of Fallot

A

Hypertrophy of RV
Overriding Aorta
Pulmonic stenosis
Ventricular septum defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is tetralogy of Fallot and tricuspid atresia seen

A

Right -> left shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is conditions can occur when shunting stops

A
  1. Pulmonary stenosis
  2. Aortic stenosis
  3. Coarction (narrowing of part of the aortic arch)
21
Q

How does Eisenmenger’s complex develop

A

Initial left -> right shunting is okay but right -> left is associated with right side cardiac failure and right side cardiac hypertrophy

22
Q

What is patent foramen Ovale

A

A hole between the atrias

23
Q

What is dangerous about patent foramen oval

A

DVT -> CNS infarction

Eventually causes arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension and RV hypertrophy

24
Q

What is the risk of patent ductus arterioles

A

Lung circulation is overloaded with pulmonary hypertension and right-side cardiac failure

due to left -> right shunting

25
Q

How is PDA treated

A

By catheters or Indomethacin (prostaglandin inhibitor)

26
Q

How is tetralogy of diagnosed

A

Radiology and Macroscopically

27
Q

Symptom of tetralogy of fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis causes RV blood to be shunted into left = cyanosis since birth

28
Q

Risk of tetralogy of ballot

A

Cerebral thrombosis and cardiac debility

29
Q

What is TGA

A

Transposition of the great arteries

Aorta coming off the RV and pulmonary trunk off the LV

30
Q

Who does TGA commonly effect

A

Males

Mother’s who have diabetes

31
Q

How is it possible to survive TGA

A

If there is a communication between the circuits and virtually all have an atrial septal defect allowing blood mixing

32
Q

What is coarctation of aorta

A

Stenosis of the ductus arterioles extends into the aortic wall

Aorta narrows just after the arch

33
Q

Where is blood mainly diverted to in coarctation of aorta

A

Excessive blood flow being diverted through the carotid and subclavian vessels into the systemic vascular shunts to supply the rest oath body

34
Q

What diseases is the coarctation of the aorta associated with

A

Turner’s Syndrome and Berry Aneurisms

35
Q

How is Coarctation of aorta treated

A

Ablation of stenosed segment

36
Q

What is Endocardial Fibroelastosis

A

Stenosis and coarctation resulting in dense collagen and elastic tissues deposited on the endocardium on the LV

37
Q

What is Dextrocardia

A

Normal anatomy of the heart is versed with right orientation of access

38
Q

Problem with repercussion of an ischameic myocardium

A

Can lead to haemorrhage and generation of superoxide radicals

39
Q

What can ischaemic myocardial damage lead to

A
  1. Arrythmias

2. Cariogenic shock

40
Q

What is an aneurysm

A

Dilation of part of the myocardial wall

41
Q

What is associated with an aneurysm

A
  1. Fatty tissue replacement, fibrosis and atrophy of myocytes
42
Q

When does pericarditis take place

A

Following infarction (2-10 weeks)

43
Q

How do we solve pericarditis

A
  1. Thrombolytic enzymes
  2. PTCA
  3. CBGA
  4. Stents
44
Q

What classifies hypertension

A

Anything greater than 140/90 mm Hg

45
Q

What is the physiological response to hypertension

A

Compensatory hypertrophy of the heart initially with increased myocyte size, squaring of the nuclei and slight increase in interstitial fibrous tissue

Initially can handle increased workload but compensation stops

46
Q

What is Cor Pulmonate

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation due to pulmonary hypertension

47
Q

Features of cor Pulmonate

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Right Side cardiac failure with venous overload

Peripheral oedema and hepatic congestion

48
Q

What usually causes acute rheumatic fever

A

Group A Beta-haemolytic streptococcus infection

Year 2 (155 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions