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Year 2 > Apoptosis and Necrosis > Flashcards

Apoptosis and Necrosis Flashcards

1
Q

Define multiplicative growth

A

Increase in cell numbers by mitotic cell division

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2
Q

Define auxetic growth

A

increased size of individual cells

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3
Q

Where is auxetic growth seen

A

Skeletal muscle

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4
Q

Where is combined patterns of multipleand auxetic growth

A

Embryological development

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5
Q

Define differentiation

A

Process where a cell develops a specialised function

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6
Q

How does differentiation take place

A

Expression and repression of specific genes and gene products to produce a a cell

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7
Q

Define morphogenesis

A

Highly complex process of development of the structural shape and form of organs, limbs and facial features

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8
Q

What must happen for morphogenesis to take place

A

Primitive cell mass must undergo co-ordinated growth, differentiation and apoptosis

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9
Q

What are non=proliferative cells called

A

Quiescent

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10
Q

What are roles of quiescent cells

A

Differentiate and adopt specific phenotypes capable of carrying out specific function

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11
Q

Property of labile cells

A
  • Rapid turnover

- short lifespan

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12
Q

Property of stable cells

A

Good regenerative ability but low turnover rate

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13
Q

Problem with pancreatitis

A

Excessive enzyme production - The pancreas essentially eats itself.

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14
Q

What is caseous necrosis

A

TB - is a form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance.

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15
Q

What two stages occur during the M phase of mitotic division

A

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

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16
Q

What phase begins the cell cycle

A

Gap Phase 1

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17
Q

What two phases can daughter cells undergo after cell division is completed

A

Back to Gap Phase 1
OR
Gap Phase 0

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18
Q

What is Gap Phase 0

A

Cells leave the cell cycle and go into rest

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19
Q

What stage are cells at if they’ve differentiated

A

Gap Phase 0

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20
Q

Why do checkpoints exist during the cell cycle

A
  1. Ensure DNA has replicated fully

2. Cells do not replicate too early in the cycle

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21
Q

What proteins control the production and activation of enzymes and proteins involved with DNA replication (e.g. spindle formation)

A

Cyclin-dependant kinases (CDKs)

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22
Q

How do CDKs activate target proteins

A

Phosphorylation

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23
Q

What proteins regulates activity of CDKs

A

Cyclins

24
Q

What allows transition from one phase of a cycle to the next

A

Rises in cyclin concentration

25
Q

How is cyclin affected if DNA replication is faulty

A

CDK inhibitors inhibit cyclin from working

26
Q

In what condition is interruption of the cell cycle vital in

A

Cancer

27
Q

Why is anaemia, bleeding tendency and immunosuppression a side effect of cancer chemotherapy

A

Drugs administered inhibit other rapidly dividing cells of the body (not just cancer cells) like bone marrow and lymphoid tissues

28
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death without the release of products harmful to surrounding cells

29
Q

Why is a coexistence of apoptosis and mitosis in a cell population needed

A

Ensure continuous renewal of cells

Allows tissue to be more adaptable to environmental demands

30
Q

How are products harmful to surrounding cells not released

A

Resultant breakdown products from inside the cell are kept in the cell membrane

31
Q

Define neoplasia

A

Abnormal growth of tissue

32
Q

How can viruses effect apoptosis

A

They can disable apoptosis induction in cells they infect

33
Q

How is apoptosis regulated

A
  1. Inhibitors (growth factors + extracellular matrix)
34
Q

How is apoptosis induced vs necrosis

A
  1. Can be physiological or pathological

2. Pathological

35
Q

How many cells are effected by apoptosis vs necrosis

A
  1. Single cells

2. Cell groups

36
Q

What happens to morphology of cells during apoptosis vs necrosis

A
  1. Cell shrinkage and fragmentation (dense chromatin)

2. Cell swelling + lysis

37
Q

Inflammatory response in apoptosis vs necrosis

A
  1. None

2. Usual

38
Q

What pathways initiate apoptosis

A
  1. Extrinsic pathway

2. Intrinsic Pathway

39
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A
  1. Bax-Bax dimers are formed which enhance apoptotic stimuli
  2. Tissue expansion / apoptosis triggered
40
Q

Role of Bax

A

Determine’s susceptibility to apoptotic stimuli

41
Q

What does the intrinsic pathway respond to

A

Stimuli such as growth factors and biochemical stress

42
Q

How does DNA damage cause activation of the intrinsic pathway for apoptosis

A
  1. Leads to stabilisation of p53 gene
  2. Induces apoptosis by activating BCL-2 family
  3. Activation of caspases
43
Q

What is the role of p53

A

Induces the cell cycle arrest and initiates DNA damage repair

44
Q

How does the extrinsic pathway induce apoptosis

A

Ligand-Binding at death receptors on cell surface (TNFR)

  1. Ligand binding causes clustering of receptor molecules and initiates signal transduction cascade
  2. Activation of caspases
45
Q

Under what conditions is the extrinsic pathway usually activated

A

Immune system when it wants to eliminate lymphocytes that would produce self-antigens

46
Q

What is the end product of both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

Initiator caspases (caspase 8)

47
Q

What does caspase 8 go on to do

A

Cleaves pro-caspases

Produces executioner caspases

48
Q

Role of executioner caspases

A

Degrade many targets such as cytoskeleton and nuclear proteins

49
Q

Role of caspase-3

A

Activates DNase which fragments DNA

50
Q

Name of the process of nucleus shrinking

A

Pyknosis

51
Q

Name of the process of fragmenting of the nucleus

A

Karyorrhexis

52
Q

Describe the process of apoptosis after the production of executioner caspases

A
  1. Pyknosis and karyorrhexis take place
  2. Membrane alters but retained
  3. Altering causes phagocytosis
53
Q

What are apoptotic bodies

A

Dead cells not phagocytose further

54
Q

Why is there no inflammatory response to apoptotic cells

A

Cell membrane is intact

55
Q

Name three disorders that can arise from apoptotic failure

A
  1. Cleft Palate
  2. Spina Bifida
  3. Fistula
56
Q

What two features characterise necrosis

A

Bioenergetic failure

Loss of plasma membrane integrity

Year 2 (155 decks)

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