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Year 2 > Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia > Flashcards

Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Under what conditions is hypertrophy the only adaptive option available

A

In permanent cells

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2
Q

How is DNA effected in permanent cells undergoing hypertrophy

A

Increase DNA content without undergoing mitosis (stop at G2)

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3
Q

Why is there an increase in cell population during hyperplasia

A

Because less cells are undergoing apoptosis

More mitosis

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4
Q

Where is hypertrophy commonly seen

A

Muscle tissues

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5
Q

Where is hyperplasia commonly seen

A

Bone marrow in individuals at high altitude environments

Breast tissue at puberty when responding to oestrogen

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6
Q

Define autonomous hyperplasias

A

Cells continue to proliferate rapidly despite no stimulus.

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7
Q

What can hyperplasia’s be confused with and why

A

Neoplasia - If the cells are monoclonal (a single clone from one cell), this is neoplasia NOT hyperplasia

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8
Q

How is psoriasis a type of hyperplasia

A

It is hyperplasia of the epidermis

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9
Q

Define angiogenesis

A

Process by which new blood vessels grow into damaged, ischaemic or necrotic tissues to supply oxygen for cells in repair

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10
Q

How are vascular endothelial cells activated during tissue repair

A

Growth factors such as VEGF released by macrophages

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11
Q

Describe the role of hyperplasia in tissue repair

A
  1. Activated endothelial cells migrate towards stimulus to form a sprout
  2. Cell migration facilitated by secretion of enzymes
  3. Adjacent sprouts connect to form vascular loops which canalise to produce blood flow
  4. Mesenchymal cells stabilise vascular architecture
  5. Extracellular matrix is remodelled
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12
Q

Role of myofibroblasts in hyperplasia tissue repair

A

Allow new blood vessels into damaged tissues

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13
Q

What happens to the new blood vessels once they access damaged tissues

A

Produce matrix proteins such as collagen to strengthen scar.

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14
Q

What happens to the myofibroblasts after they release collagen

A

They contract and differentiate to fibroblasts

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15
Q

What are two complications of scar contraction that takes place when the myofibroblasts -> fibroblasts

A
  1. Deformity and reduced movement of limbs

2. Detachment of the retina

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16
Q

Explain the role of hypertrophy in the heart

A
  1. To compensate for less cardiac muscle after an infarction (when it dies it is replaced by scar tissue), cells undergo hypertrophy
17
Q

Where is hypertrophy in the heart most commonly seen

A

Right ventricle due to LV failure + pulmonary hypertension

18
Q

Define atrophy

A

Decrease in size of an organ or cell by reduction in cell size of cell numbers

19
Q

What process does atrophy often involve

A

Apoptosis

20
Q

Why is atrophy important

A

To reduce requirement of oxygen and nutrition as the body has less of a need for that organ

21
Q

How does function effect atrophy

A

Decreased function -> atrophy

E.g. skeletal muscles

22
Q

How does innervation effect atrophy

A

Loss of innervation of muscle causes muscle atrophy

23
Q

What are five factors that can stimulate atrophy

A
  1. Loss of blood
  2. Pressure atrophy (when tissues are compressed)
  3. Lack of nutrition
  4. Loss of endocrine stimulation
  5. Hormone-induced atrophy
24
Q

Define hypoplasia

A

Failure of development of an organ - failure in morphogenesis

25
Q

What process is hypoplasia often related to

A

Atrophy

26
Q

Define metaplasia

A

The transformation of one type of differentiated cell into another fully differentiated cell type

(the daughter cells replace original cells)

27
Q

When does metaplasia take place

A
  1. Alterations to the cellular environment (e.g. chronic cellular injury)
  2. Activation and repression of groups of genes involved with maintenance of cellular differentiation
28
Q

Give examples of squamous metaplasia

A
  1. Ciliated respiratory epithelium -> squamous in trachea and bronchi of smokers
  2. Ducts of salivary glands and pancreas
29
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus

A

Replacements of normal squamous epithelium in oesophagus by columnar glandular epithelium causes reflux of bile and acid into the oesophagus

30
Q

What is a congenital disorder

A

Defects present at birth

31
Q

When do abortions for kids with congenital disorders tend to happen

A

Between 6-8 weeks of pregnancy

32
Q

Define agenesis (aplasia)

A

The failure of development of an organ

33
Q

Define atresia

A

Failure of development of a lumen in a normally tubular epithelial structure

34
Q

Define hypoplasia

A

Failure in the development of the normal size of an organ

35
Q

Define dysplasia

A

imprecise term for the morphological changes seen in cells in the progression to becoming cancer

Year 2 (155 decks)

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