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Gram Positive bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of Staphylococcus Aureus infection

A
  1. Shoulder pain
  2. Pyrexia
  3. MRI scan shows disc infection and osteomyelitis C6 + C7
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2
Q

What is osteomyelitis

A

Bacterial Infection of the bone causing weakness

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3
Q

How is infection with staphylococcus aureus treated

A

With flucloxacillin for 3 months

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4
Q

What is flucoxacillin

A

Antibiotic

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5
Q

How many species of staphylococcus are there

A

40

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6
Q

What can staphylococcus be divided into

A

Coagulase positive or negative

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7
Q

What is a coagulase

A

Enzyme produced by bacteria that clots blood plasma.

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8
Q

Advantage of a bacteria being coagulase positive

A

The fibrin clot formed around the bacteria may protect from phagocytosis

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9
Q

Why are some strains of staphylococcus coagulase -ve

A

They can attack in opportunistic infections

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10
Q

Where are staphylococcus usually found

A

Nose and skin

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11
Q

How is staphylococcus. aureus spread

A

Aerosol and touch

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12
Q

What is MRSA resistant to

A
  1. Beta-lactams
  2. Gentamicin
  3. Erythromycin
  4. Tetracycline
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13
Q

What are four virulence factors that are released by staph. aureus

A
  1. Pore-forming toxins
  2. Proteases
  3. Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin
  4. Protein A
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14
Q

Name the pore-forming toxin produced by staph. aureus

A

Alpha-haemolysin and PVL

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15
Q

Name the protease released by staph. aureus

A

Exfoliatin

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16
Q

How does TSST effect the body

A

Stimulates cytokine release

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17
Q

What is protein A

A

Surface protein that binds Igs in the wrong orientation

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18
Q

What three associated conditions with coagulase negative gram positive bacteria

A

Endocarditis
Septicaemia
Infected imlants

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19
Q

What are some associated conditions with pyogenic bacteris

A
  1. Wound infections
  2. Abscesses
  3. Septicaemia
  4. Pneumonia
  5. Endocarditis
  6. Osteomyelitis
20
Q

What are three associated conditions with toxin-mediated bacteria

A
  1. Scalded skin syndrome
  2. Toxic shock syndrome
  3. Food Poisoning
21
Q

Name two coagulase-negative staphylococci

A

S. epidermidis

S. saprophytic

22
Q

Where are S. epidermis commonly found

A

Infections in debilitated catheters and prostheses (remember, these are opportunistic bacteria as they are coagulase -ve)

23
Q

What do S. saprophyticus cause

A

Acute cystitis

24
Q

How does S. saprophyticus cause infection

A

Produces urease which -> kidney stones

Haemagglutuinin for adhesion

25
What symptoms are associated with Streptococcus progenies
Fever | Malaise
26
What would I see in an agar plate if Strep. progenies is found
1. Beta-haemolytic (causes lysis of red cells around the colony) 2. Facultatively anaerobic 3. Penicillin sensitive
27
What is alpha haemolysis
Partial haemolysis (H202 reacts with Hb)
28
What bacteria causes partial haemolysis
S. intermedius
29
What is Beta haemolysis
Complete lysis
30
What is gamma haemolysis
No lysis at all
31
What three ways can streptococci be classified as
1. Haemolysis 2. Lancefield typing 3. Biochemical properties
32
What is lance field grouping
A method of grouping catalase negative, coagulase negative bacteria based on bacterial carbohydrate cell surface antigens
33
Describe how lance field grouping is carried out
Antiserum is added to each group of suspension of bacteria | 1. Clumping indicates recognition
34
What infections are caused by S. progenies
1. Wound infections causes cellulitis 2. Tonsillitis + pharyngitis 3. Otitis media 4. Impetigo 5. Scarlet fever 6. Complications - rheumatic fever - glomerulonephritis
35
What factor does S. progenies release
Hyaluronidase for spreading Streptokinase - breaks down clots C5a peptidase - reduce chemotaxis
36
What toxins are released by S. progenies
Streptolysins O + S - binds cholesterol Erythrogenic toxin - SPeA t ogive exaggerated response
37
What surface receptors do S. progenies have
Hyaluronic acid on capsule for protection M proteins which encourages complement degradation
38
Symptoms of S. pneumonia
1. Nasal congestion 2. Fever 3. Severe pain in chest 4. Blood + sputum in culture
39
Why are S. pneumonia found as draughtsman colonies
Flattened, depressed centre in colony
40
Where does the colony of S. pneumoniae start at
Oropharynx (30% of pop)
41
What does S. pneumonia cause
Pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis
42
What three factors can predispose you to S.pneumoniae infections
1. Impaired mucus trapping from viral infection 2. Hypogammaglobulinaemia 3. Asplenia
43
What makes the S. pneumonia inflammatory wall
1. Teichoic acid | 2. Peptidoglycan
44
What cytotoxin is produced by S.pneumonia
Pneumolysin
45
When are polyvalent vaccines to S.pneumoniae given
Those older than 2 who are at risk of infection

Year 2 (155 decks)

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