Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 2 > Invasion and Metastasis > Flashcards

Invasion and Metastasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the cell stroma

A

Provides:

  1. Mechanical support
  2. Intercellular signalling
  3. Nutrition to neoplastic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does the stroma form

A
  1. Desmoplastic reaction caused by fibroblast proliferation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does the storm assist in neoplasm formation

A
  1. Blood vessels contained in storm perfuse the tumour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What factor determines how quickly the neoplasm develops

A

Ability of blood vessels in the storm to persuade it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why would neoplastic tumours be limited in growth If not vascularised properly

A
  1. Only relies on nutrient diffusion into it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does a tumour stop expanding

A

Once it reaches 1-2 mm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When is angiogenesis induced

A

By VEGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What factors oppose the effect of VEGF

A

Angiostatin and endostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the characteristics of tumours with a polypoid shape

A

Benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

HOW CAN ULCERATED TUMOURS BE DISTINGUISHED FROM NON-NEOPLASTIC UCLERS

A

THE FORMER HAS HEAPED-UP IRREGULAR EDGES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are benign tumours capsulated by

A

Connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does a polyp form

A

When a benign tumour arises in epithelial or mucosal surfaces, it grows away from the surface as it can’t invade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define a sessile polyp

A

Sits on surface and is FLAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define a pedunculate polyp

A

When a poly grows away from mucosal surface to form a stalk structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why would a benign tumour still cause problems

A
  1. Pressure on adjacent tissues
  2. Obstruction of flow
  3. Production of a hormone
  4. Anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are patients with widespread metastases called

A

Carcinomatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define an endophytic tumour

A

Inwards direction of growth into underlying tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define histogenesis

A

Specific cell or tissue of origin of an individual tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What cells form sarcomas

A

Connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What cells form carcinomas

A

Epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What cells form leukaemia

A

Lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the tumour grade

A

The extent to which the tumour resembles histologically to the tissue of origin (degree of differentiation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Immature cells escape from basal cell layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define in situ carcinoma

A

Total loss of stratification, immature cells throughout + basement membrane intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a cyst
Fluid-filled space lined by epithelium
26
What is a pleomorphic nuclei
Where nuclei can vary in shape and size
27
Define the three grades of malignant tumours
1. Grade 1 - Well differentiated 2. Grade 2 - Moderately differentiated 3. Grade 3 - Poorly differentiated
28
Why do neoplastic cells proliferate so much
They are immortal due to: Autocrine growth: Abnormal expression of oncogenes Intracellular signalling proteins Inactivation of genes (tumour suppressor genes) that inhibit growth pathways Reduced apoptosis due to abnormal expression of apoptosis inhibiting genes Telomerase prevents telomeric shortening
29
What are oncogenes
Genes capable of both initiation and continuation of malignant transformation of normal cells
30
Define carcinogens
An environmental agent participating in the causation of tumours
31
What are mutagenic
Acting on DNA
32
What favours viral oncogenesis
Immunosuppression
33
What aged people tend to be effected by viral tumours
Younger people
34
What is the most important criterion for malignancy
Invasion
35
Why do we take a wide margin around the tumour out as well during surgery
So that tumour cells do not remain there which can result in local recurrence
36
What three factors effect tumour invasion
1. Decreased cellular adhesion 2. Secretion of proteolytic enzymes 3. Abnormal or increased cellular motility
37
How does gene expression play a role in metastasis
Altered expression of adhesion molecules can allows decreased cell-cell adhesion in carcinomas thereby allowing them to escape from sites of origin
38
How is cellular motility of neoplasms abnormal
They are more motile and show a loss of normal mechanism that arrests or reverses normal cellular migration
39
What proteinases are most important in neoplastic invasion
Matrix metalloproteinases
40
What secretes matrix metalloproteinases
Malignant neoplastic cells, enabling them to digest the surrounding connective tissues
41
What three major families of metalloproteinases are there
1. Interstitial collagenases Gelatinises Stromelysins
42
Role of interstitial collagenases
Degrade types I, II and III collagen
43
Role of gelatinases
Degrade IV collagen and gelatin
44
Role of stromelysins
Degrade type IV collagen and proteoglycans
45
What are metalloproteinases inhibited by
TIMPs
46
How is the net effect of metalloproteinases determined
1. Balance between metalloproteinases and their inhibitors
47
Where does invasion of metalloproteinases take place
Along tissue planes offering less resistance to tumour growth such as perineurial and vascular lamina
48
What tissues are extremely resistant to neoplastic invasion
Cartilage and fibrocartilage of intervertebral discs
49
Why is invasion easy to recognise in epithelial tumours
Because the basement membrane serves as a clear line of demarcation between tissue boundaries
50
Why is invasion less easy to recognise in connective tissue tumours
Because you need a clear evidence for vascular or lymphatic permeation OR histological features such as mitotic activity
51
Define metastases
Process where malignant tumours spread from their site of origin (primary tumours) to form other tumours (secondary tumours) at distant sites
52
What is carcinomatosis
Extensive metastatic disease
53
Does basal cell carcinoma metastasise
No
54
Where does liposarcoma tend to metastasise to
Lung
55
How is the survival rate of anapaestic carcinoma of the thyroid
LOW
56
What are the steps involved in forming a successful metastatic tumour
1. Detachment of tumour cell from neighbours 2. Invasion of surrounding connective tissue to reach conduits of metastasis (blood vessels or lymphatics) 3. Intraasation into lumen of vessels 4. Evasion of host defence mechanisms, such as natural killer cells in the blood 5. Adherence to endothelium at a remote location 6. Extravasation of cells from vessel lumen into surrounding tissue 7. Angiogenesis of tumour
57
Describe haematogenous metastasis
- Blood stream to form secondary tumours in organs perfused by blood that has drained from a tumour
58
What carcinomas are favoured via bone in haematogenous metastases
1. Lung 2. Breats 3. Kidney 4. Thyroid 5. Prostate
59
How common is metastases of solid tumours to skeletal muscle or spleen
RARE
60
How does metastases spread through the lymphatic system
1, Secondary tumours in regional lymph nodes 2. Tumour cells reach the lymph nodes through afferent lymphatic channel 3. Lymph nodes involved by metastatic tumours are firmer and larger than normal 4. Lymph node metastases may interrupt lymphatic flow causing oedema in the territory they drain
61
How is transcoelomic metastases caused
1. In pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities where this results in a neoplastic effusion 2. Fluid is rich in protein and may contain fibrin 3. Fluid also contains neoplastic cells causing effusion 4. Peritoneal effusions may be due to involvement of any abdominal tumour
62
What is a neoplastic effusion
An abnormal amount of fluid collecting between pleura, caused by a tumour)
63
What organ carcinomas are pleural and pericardial effusions common consequences of
Breast and lung
64
Where do carcinomas tend to spread
Lymphatic over vessels
65
Where do sarcomas tend to spread
Vessels over lymphatics

Year 2 (155 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions