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Year 2 > Apetite Regulation > Flashcards

Apetite Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Define apetite

A

Desire to eat food

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2
Q

Define hunger

A

Need for eating

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3
Q

Define anorexia

A

Lack of apetite

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4
Q

Define satiety

A

Feeling of fullness - disappearance of appetite after a meal

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5
Q

Define BMI

A

kg/height^2

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6
Q

BMI for underweight

A

<18.5

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7
Q

Normal BMI

A

18.5-24.9

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8
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25.0-29.9

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9
Q

BMI for obese

A

30.0-39.9

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10
Q

BMI for morbidly obese

A

> 40

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11
Q

What are the risks of obesity

A
  1. Type II diabetes
  2. Hypertension
  3. CAD
  4. Stroke
  5. Osteoarthritis
  6. Obstructive sleep apnoea
  7. Carcinoma
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12
Q

What type of fat deposition is a greater risk for obesity

A

Visceral fat than subcutaneous fat

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13
Q

Where is the lowest proportion of working-age people who are obese in the UK

A

London

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14
Q

What does weight regulation depend on

A

Environment

Genes

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15
Q

What is a risk with high levels of cortisol if you have sleep deprivation

A

High risk of diabetes / obesity

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16
Q

How does sleep deprivation effect Leptin levels

A

Decreases it (we get hungry)

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17
Q

What three structures effect appetite regulation

A
  1. Adipose tissues
  2. Brain
  3. GI Tract
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18
Q

Why do we eat?

A
  1. Physiological drive (leptin levels)

2. External stimuli (presence of food)

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19
Q

What is the sensory stimuli to food

A
  1. Expectations
  2. Associations
  3. Recognition of food
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20
Q

How does is the quantity of food we eat limited

A
  1. Stretch of the stomach causes receptors to be activated and Ghrelin levels fall
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21
Q

What type of food prolongs satiety

A

Protein

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22
Q

How does high fat effect satiety levels

A

Stimulates and entices people to eat more

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23
Q

Where is the hunger centre located in the brain

A

Lateral hypothalamus

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24
Q

What nucleus in the hypothalamus regulates satiety

A

Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

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25
Q

What 3 Hormones effect appetite

A

Leptin
Insulin
Cortisol

26
Q

How does NPY and AgRP effect hunger

A

Increases it

27
Q

How does POMC effect appetite

A

Decreases it

28
Q

What stimulates the production of POMC and CART

A

Leptin as it binds to the arcuate nucleus

29
Q

What nucleus produces POMC

A

Arcuate nucleus

30
Q

Why does the arcuate nucleus have a fenestrated BBB

A

So that we can sample the peripheral hormones

31
Q

Where is leptin expressed

A

White fat

32
Q

What type of receptor is leptin

A

Cytokine

33
Q

Where is leptin receptor found

A

Hypothalamus

34
Q

What happens to leptin levels after a meal

A

They increase

35
Q

How does Leptin effect NYP and AgRP levels

A

Inhibits them

36
Q

How many AA are in peptide YY

A

36

37
Q

What molecule is peptide YY similar to

A

NPY

38
Q

What does Peptide YY bind to

A

NPY

39
Q

What secretes Peptide YY

A

Neuroendocrine cells in the Ileum, pancreas and colon

40
Q

Role of peptide YY

A

Inhibits gastric motility + reduces appetite

41
Q

Where are receptors for CCK found

A

Pyloric sphincter

42
Q

Role of CCk

A

Delays gastric emptying

Gall bladder contraction
Insulin release

Controls satiety via vagus

43
Q

Number of AA in Ghrelin

A

28

44
Q

Where is Ghrelin expressed

A

Stomach

45
Q

Role of Ghrelin

A

Stimulates GH release

And increases appetite

46
Q

How does gastric bypass surgery effect Ghrelin levels

A

It lowers

47
Q

What is POMC

A

A chain of different amino acids that can be cleaved into smaller molecules to control hunger

48
Q

What can POMC be broken down into

A

ACTH (which in turn can be broken down into alpha-MSH and CLIP)

Beta LPH

49
Q

Role of melanocortin peptides

A

Signalling of satiety to the brain

50
Q

Symptoms of POMC deficiency

A
  1. Severe obesity at early age due to low ACTH
  2. Red hair
  3. Pale skin that easily burns when exposed to the sun

Not enough alpha-MSH and beta-MSH dysregulates body energy balance leading to over-eating

51
Q

Hat does Leptin and insulin stimulate

A

POMC/CART

52
Q

What does Leptin and insulin inhibit

A

NPY/AgRP

53
Q

How does POMC/CART effect alpha-MSH levels

A

Increases them

54
Q

Where is alpha-MSH produced

A

Pars intermedia of pituitary gland

55
Q

Role of alpha-MSH

A

Production of melanin
Surpasses appetite
Sexual arousal

56
Q

How common is monogenetic obesity

A

Rare

57
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

Pituitary fossa just below the OPTIC CHIASM

58
Q

What lies between the pituitary glands

A

Two cavernous sinuses

59
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland sometimes called

A

Adenophysis

60
Q

What is the posterior pituitary gland sometimes called

A

Neurohypophysis

61
Q

Blood supply from the anterior pituitary gland

A

Superior hypophyseal artery

62
Q

How many hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland

A

6

Year 2 (155 decks)

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