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Year 2 > NEURO: Part 2 > Flashcards

NEURO: Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves

A 
Oh - Olfactory
Oh - Optic
Oh - Oculomotor
To - Trochlear
Take - Trigeminal
A - Abducens
Family - Facial
Vacation - Vestibulocochlear
Go - Glossopharyngeal
Vegas - Vagus
After - Accessory
Hours - Hypoglossal
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2
Q

Sensory and Motor innervation of the 12 cranial nerves

A 
Some
Say
Money
Matters
But
My
Brother
Says
Big
Boobs
Matter 
Most
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3
Q

Is branchial innervation sensory or motor

A

Motor

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4
Q

Describe the innervation of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Ipsilateral innervation by vestibular branch

Contralateral innervation by cochlear branch

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5
Q

Name the four parasympathetic nerves of cranials

A

3,7,9,10

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6
Q

Where in the brainstem is the nuclei for CN3 and CN4

A

Midbrain

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7
Q

Where in the brainstem is the nuclei for CN5,CN6,CN7,CN8

A

Pons

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8
Q

Where in the brainstem is the nuclei for CN9,10,11,12

A

Medulla

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9
Q

Where is brook’s area found

A

DOMINANT hemisphere on frontal lobe

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10
Q

How common is it to have broca’s area on the left side when you’re left-handed

A

60% still have it on left hemisphere

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11
Q

Damage to brook’s area can do what

A

Cause expressive aphasia

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12
Q

What is expressive aphasia

A

Difficulties forming sentences

They will understand what you are saying but can’t express words into meaningful language

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13
Q

What is the name of the comprehension of speech part of the brian

A

Wernicke’s area

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14
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area found

A

Dominant temporal lobe

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15
Q

Damage to Wernicke’s area results in what

A

Comprehension/receptive aphasias

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16
Q

What is comprehension aphasia

A

Difficulty understanding spoken or written language even though hearing and vision are not impaired

Adding unnecessary words and making sentences that make no sense

Unaware they are not speaking in clear sentences

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17
Q

What does the external carotid artery supply

A

Everything in the head and neck apart fro the brain

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18
Q

What artery supplies the brain

A

Internal carotid

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19
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply

A

Motor cortex and top part of the brain

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20
Q

Ischaemic stroke in the ACA will effect what part of the body

A

Lower limbs

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21
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

Majority of outer surface of the brain

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22
Q

Ischaemic stroke in the MCA will effect what region

A

Chin to hip

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23
Q

When can limbs be spared in MCA ischaemia

A

If there is an EMBOLIC stroke

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24
Q

Role of the posterior cerebral artery

A

Supplies peripheral vision

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25
Q

Ischaemic stroke in the posterior cerebral artery will cause what

A

Vision loss (not macular vision)

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26
Q

What artery does the Posterior inferior cerebellar artery come off

A

Vertebral artery

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27
Q

Where do most embolus tend to lodge into

A

PICA through the vertebral artery

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28
Q

Embolus in which vessel will result in lateral medullary syndrome

A

PICA because int supplies CN 9,10,11,12

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29
Q

What is lateral medullary syndrome

A 
Dysphagia
Slurred speech
Ataxia
Facial pain 
Nystagmus
Loss of pain and sensation on opposite side of th body
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30
Q

What is the most common type of inter cranial aneurysm

A

Berry aneurysm

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31
Q

What is a berry aneurysm

A

A berry shaped dilatation of a blood vessel in the circle of willis

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32
Q

Where is a berry aneurysm common

A

Anterior cerebellar artery and Anterior communicating artery junction

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33
Q

Consequence of berry aneurysms

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

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34
Q

Clinical presentation of berry aneurysms

A

Thunderclap headache

35
Q

Where does the ophthalmic artery branch off from

A

Internal carotid artery (just before it branches into middle cerebral artery)

36
Q

Describe the structure of the aortic arch

A

Check book

37
Q

What do the common carotid arteries branch off into

A

Internal (larger than external) and external carotid

38
Q

At what level foes common carotid bifurcation occur at

A

C4

39
Q

What condition is bifurcation of common carotid artery at risk of

A

Atherosclerosis

40
Q

What does the internal carotid artery branch off into before bifurcating into the middle and anterior cerebral artery

A

Cervical
Petrous ICA
Cavernous sinus ICA
Supraclinoid ICA

41
Q

Where is the cervical branch located

A

Anterior and medial to the internal jugular vein

Posterior and lateral to external carotid artery at origin

42
Q

Describe the pathway of the cervical branch

A

Ascends behind and medial to the external carotid artery

43
Q

Where is the petrous ICA found

A

Penetrates the temporal bone and runs horizontally in the carotid canal

44
Q

What does the petrous Ica branch off into

A

Caroticotympanic artery which supplies middle and inner ear

45
Q

What artery does petrous ICA connect to

A

Vidian artery to external carotid artery

46
Q

Why is the connection of petrous to external carotid artery important

A

It means if ischameic block is in petrous, then external carotid can compensate

47
Q

IN an RTA, what happens to the internal carotid artery

A

Petrous Ica is still anchored to the temporal bone but the cervical artery is now free - ICA can rupture can dissect with extreme rotation

48
Q

Describe the path taken by the cavernous sinus ICA

A
  1. Turns superiorly at foramen lacer to enter the skull via the carotid canal
  2. Joins cavernous sinus
49
Q

When does the cavernous sinus ICA pierce the dura

A

At anterior crinoid process

50
Q

What happens if an aneurysm ruptures beyond the anterior crinoid process of the cavernous sinus ICA

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage = increased intracranial pressure

51
Q

What do the small branches of the cavernous sinus ICA supply

A
  1. Dura
  2. CN3-6
  3. Posterior pituitary (meningo-hypophyseal artery and inferolateral trunk)
52
Q

What artery does the cavernous sinus Ica attach to

A

External carotid with inferolateral trunk

53
Q

What cranial nerves are found in the cavernous sinus

A

CN3,4,5 (ophthalmic and maxillary branch of trigeminal), 6

Anueyrms would have widespread problems here

54
Q

Where does the supraclinoid process lead to

A

Branches above crinoid process and penetrates meninges

Breaches anterior crinoid and becomes intracranial

55
Q

Branches of the supraclinoird ICA

A

Ophthalmic artery
Superior hypophyseal arteries/trunk
Posterior communicating artery
Anterior choroidal artery

56
Q

What does the superior hypophyseal artery supply

A

Pituitary gland
Stalk
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasm

57
Q

What does the anterior choroidal artery supply

A
  1. Choroid plexus
  2. Optic tract - vision
  3. Cerebral peduncle (sensory motor fibres)
  4. Internal capsule (all descending and ascending tracts pass through)
  5. Median temporal lobe
58
Q

Describe the blood supply of the middle cerebral artery

A

Check book

M1,M2,M3,M4

M1 - Runs laterally to branch into lateral lentriculostriate arteries
M2 - Runs in the insular cistern
M3 - Emerge onto brain surface
M4 - Vessels on brain surface

59
Q

Describe the branching of the anterior cerebral artery

A

Check book

A1: Runs medially to connect with contralateral ACA via anterior communicating artery (forms medial lenticulostriate artery)
A2: Runs in inter hemispheric tissue to gene of the corpus callous and 2 cortical branches
A3: Cortical branches from callosomarginal and pericallosal arteries

60
Q

What does the medial lenticulostriate artery supply

A

Head of caudate nucleus and internal capsule

61
Q

Where do vertebral arteries arise from

A

Subclavian arteries

62
Q

Which vertebral artery is larger

A

Left

63
Q

Through what foramen do the vertebral arteries move through

A

Foramina transversarium at C6

And then enter skull through foramen magnum

64
Q

Describe pathway of vertebral arteries

A

Laterally at C2

Loop posteriorly at C1

65
Q

What do the vertebral arteries supply

A
  1. Neck muscles
  2. Spinal meninges
  3. Spinal cord - infarct here can be bad
  4. Anastomoses with other neck vessels (external carotid branches)
66
Q

Name the inter cranial vertebral artery branches

A

Anterior spinal artery
Small medullary perforators
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

67
Q

What artery branches from the basilar artery

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries - supply cerebellum, CN7 + 8

Superior cerebellar arteries

68
Q

What structures in the midbrain does the posterior cerebral artery supply

A

Thalamus
Geniculate bodies
Cerebral peduncles
tectum (contains colliculus)

69
Q

What structures are supplied by the medial and lateral posterior choroidal arteries (branches of the posterior cerebral artery)

A

tectum
Thalamus
Chord of 3rd and lateral ventricles

70
Q

What are the cortical territories of the posterior cerebral artery

A
  1. Inferior temporal lobe where anatomies with middle cerebral artery
  2. Posterior third of inter hemispheric surface where anastomoses with anterior cerebral artery
  3. Visual cortex and occipital lobe - visual defects in thrombus
71
Q

Describe the visual field

A

CHECK BOOK

72
Q

Under what structure is the optic chiasm located

A

Anterior to pituitary infundibulum

73
Q

What structures are associated with audio

A

Inferior colliculus

Medial geniculate body

74
Q

Role of medial rectus

A

Adduction

75
Q

Role of lateral rectus

A

Abduction

76
Q

Role of superior oblique

A

Intorsion and medial abduction

77
Q

Role of inferior oblique

A

Extorsion and lateral adduction

78
Q

Superior rectus role

A

Pulls eye up and medially

Rotates it

79
Q

Role of inferior rectus

A

Pulls eye down and medially

Rotates it

80
Q

Role of elevator palpebral superiors

A

Lifts upper eyelid

81
Q

Innervation of the eye muscles

A
  1. CN3: Medial rectus, inferior oblique, superior rectus and inferior rectus
    Abducens: Lateral rectus
    trochlear nerve: Superior oblique
    Facial nerve: Levator palpeerde superioris

LR6SO4

82
Q

Loss of function of CN7 supply to eye is called what

A

Ptosis

83
Q

How to examine eye movements

A
  1. Superior rectus: Laterally and look up
  2. Inferior rectus: Lateral and look down
  3. Lateral rectus: Lateral
  4. Medial rectus: Medially
  5. Inferior oblique: Medially and upwards
  6. Superior oblique: Medially and downwards

Year 2 (155 decks)

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