UTS MIDTERM Flashcards
represent asia
Eastern
represents Europe, North and South America, Australia, and
New Zealand
Western
are more likely to talk about their relationships
with people
Easterners
would like to talk about their personal characteristics because they highlight how separate they are from other people and consider themselves unique individuals.
Westerners
man begins to search for clues as to the probable purpose of his
existence and the role he plays in the general order of the
things of the world.
individualistic self
he decides that since he has
only one life to live and that death is inevitable, he should make
the most of this life he was given.
individualistic self
is a philosophy of life emphasizing the priority of the person’s needs over
the group.
individualism
It is a preference for loosely knit social relationships that are caring for
oneself and the family members only and the desire to be autonomous or
independent from each other’s influence.
individualism
the person gives priority to personal goals
individualism
– the idea that individual freedom is
associated with self-interest and self-reliance
Egoistical individualism
– the idea that individual freedom is linked to
human flourishing.
Developmental Individualism
ex. He knows that he is the one who will suffer the most if he wastes his chance to live a life that he and his family can be proud of.
Developmental Individualism
ex. Something that would define him and inspire others that being in the world meant making it better not
only for himself but also for others.
Egoistical individualism
The identity of the individual is lost and does not exist except as a part of the group.
collective self
The family and the society control how the group members should think, act
and generally conduct themselves in society.
collective self
It is observed that strong bonds of unity are formed
and developed in collectivism.
collective self
In an extreme sense, all decisions made are group decisions.
collective self
They are bound by the customs, beliefs and traditions by the group.
collective self
is
sacrificed for the benefit of the group.
individual freedom
which a person can expect their family and other relatives of the social group to look after them in exchange for unquestioned loyalty
collectivism
there is a distinction between personal and group goals.
collectivistic culture,
the parents age must be remembered, both for enjoy and anxiety
Confucius
was the name for which Kong Zhongni of China was known in the West.
Born in the period of the Zhou dynasty in 551 BCE
in the small state of Lu.
He grew up poor even though he descended from a
scholarly family
The Zhou dynasty was characterized by political,
social, and moral disintegration in China
his family made
sure that he received proper education.
Confucius
came to be known
as ‘Master Kong’ and as ‘Great Sage and Teacher’
Confucius
His experiences in politics made him focus on social
reforms. His philosophy came to be known as humanistic social philosophy.
Confucius
of how should properly act according to their relationship with other people, thus, it is also focused on having a harmonious social life.
confucianism
The identity and self-concept of the individual, therefore, is _____ with the identity and status of his/her community or culture, sharing its pride as well as its failures
interwoven
when people accept their place in society
harmony in society
relationship
father/son
ruler/ subject
brother/brother
husband/wife
friend/friend
appropriate virtue
filial piety
loyalty
brotherliness
love and obedience
faithfulness
is seen as the ultimate
purpose of life, but the characteristics of a chun-tzu,
Self-cultivation
a man of virtue or noble
character, is still embedded in his/her
social relationships.
chun-tzu,
The cultivated self in Confucianism is what some scholars call a
“subdued self”
wherein personal needs are repressed (subdued) for the good of
many,
subdued self”
the center of the philosophical
concept of Confucianism
Ren
Li
Xiao
Yi
(propriety)
(filiality)
(rightness)
It can also be understood as human goodness
ren or humanity
It involves feelings and thinking which serve as
the foundation of all human relationships.
ren or humanity
signifies the Chinese culture’s
emphasis on feelings (heart) as the most important instead of the head in human nature
ren
– in order to guide human actions, rules of propriety should
be followed.
Li (propriety)
Such rules involve adherence to the rituals of the community.
Li (propriety)
In connection with the Li, __ stated “ to master oneself and return to propriety is humanity”.
Confucius
Parents should be ___ for the life they have given. Children should show ___ to their parents by exerting efforts to take care of
themselves.
revered, respect
– the virtue of reverence and respect for family.
Xiao (filiality)
is a reflection of the person.
family
– the right way of behaving. It is unconditional and absolute.
Yi (rightness)
ex. Actions must be performed and carried out because they are the right actions
Yi (rightness)
emphasized that actions should be performed because they are right and not for the selfish benefits that they provide.
Confucius
are virtues observed in a person whose humanity is developed, morally
cultivated and aware.
Li, Xiao, and Yi
is a religion and a philosophy from ancient
China that has influenced folk and national belief.
Taoism/daosim
Taoism has been
connected to the philosopher
Lao Tzu,
who around 500 B.C.E. wrote the main bible of Taoists’, the Tao Te Ching.
Lao Tzu,
- It is often associated with the teachings of Laozi (or Lao Tzu), a legendary figure attributed to
the authorship of the foundational Taoist
Tao Te Ching (or Dao De Jing)
night and day, dry,and moist, aggressive and passive; sun and rain
dark and bright in ying yang dyagram
the most important of all toast symbols and represent the movement of heaven or the tao
ying-yang dyagram
represent the fact that in all evil there exist some evil, while in all the good there exist some evil.
small opposing dots
the creator of pakua
fu-hsi
one of the Chinese cultural heroes
pakua
the eight trigrams that constitutes the inner structure of the sixty-four hexagrams of I-Ching. This symbol created by fu-hsi
pakua
one of the yang symbols, represent the power, sage or saint
dragon
one of the world’s largest religions
buddhism
It originated in India in 563–
483 B.C.E. with Siddhartha Gautama, and over the next millennia it spread
across Asia and the rest of the world.
buddhism
was the first person to reach this state of enlightenment and was, and is still today, known as the Buddha.
Siddhartha Gautama
was an Indian prince in the fifth century B.C.E. who,
upon seeing people poor and dying, realized that human life is suffering
Siddhartha Gautama
This idea meant that neither extreme asceticism or extreme
wealth were the path to enlightenment, but rather, a way of life between the
two extremes
Middle Way
the name of
the game and they are more
likely straightforward and
forceful in their communication
as well as decision making
competition
Pilipinolohiya by
Pantayong Pananaw by
Sikolohiyang Pilipino by
Prospero Covar
Zeus Salazar
Virgilio Enriquez
described the Filipino “self” or personality as a “shared identity”, specifically connected to the concept of kapwa (Edman and Kameoka 2000; Pe-Pua and Protacio-Marcelino 2000).
Virgilio Enriquez
which reflect how we relate to others or want to be perceived by our kapwa.
hiya, utang na loob, and pakikisama,
describes the total self or general self
Shavelson
– influenced by the learning process and the individual’s
emotions, behavior, and experiences during the learning process.
Academic self
– shaped by an individual’s social self, emotional self,
and physical self..
Non-academic self
is greatly influenced by parents, colleagues, friends, and
acquaintances, among others.
Social self
is a person’s experiences of joy, anger, fear, anxiety,
and other emotions.
Emotional self
is affected by involvement in sports, exercise, and other
activities that enhance the physical body
Physical self
emphasized the factors that encompass physical self-
esteem, which include sports competence, attractive body, physical power, and physical condition, and how they shape global self-esteem
K.R. Fox (2000)
concept of self and
personality makes the
physical body the core of
human experience.
sigmund freud
He stated that ego is first
and foremost a body ego
sigmund freud
emphasized the
unity of the mind and
body
Wilhelm Reich
according to wilhem reich the __is central to all dynamic psychological
functioning
body
considered experience as
firmly associated with the ground plan
of the body.
Erik Erikson
He stated that organs of the body are
essential during the early developmental stages of a person.
Erik Erikson
The formation and development of
physical and intellectual skills greatly
influence the ability of the individual to
choose his role in the society and be
fulfilled.
Erik Erikson
is directly correlated
to the competence of children
Physical health
He also highlighted the incessant
interplay of the body, psychological
processes, and social forces (Singh
2020)
Erik Erikson
provided the Hierarchy of Needs about our physical bodies.
Abraham Maslow
A well-nourished, loved, respected
individual experiences fulfillment. On
the other hand, deliberate, self-denial,
and rejection of the body’s basic needs
will result in an inactive, crippled
organism.
Abraham Maslow
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
self actualization- achieving full potential, seeking happiness
esteem needs- freedom, recognition, self-confi, attention competence
social needs- friendships, intimacy&family
safety needs - personal& financial security, wellbeing
physiological needs- floodwater, sleep,warmth,sex
have their own views of
the physical body.
Psychologists
also
appraised growth and
enlightenment as a
whole-body event,
which is only possible
if one has a pure and
strong body.
Indian tradition
is
vital in one’s attitude
toward the body
the concept
of the Middle path from
the Buddhist tradition
– the process by which one observes and examines one’s
internal state (mental and emotional) after behaving in a certain way.
(Hewstone)
Introspection
one’s internal state is difficult to interpret, people can infer their inner
states by observing their behavior.
Self–Perception Theory
ex. Imagine you’re feeling stressed and anxious. Instead of letting these feelings control you, you pause to reflect on the source of your stress.
introspection
ex. Imagine you’re not sure if you enjoy helping others. You start volunteering at a local soup kitchen. At first, you might feel a bit hesitant, but as you continue to volunteer, you find yourself enjoying the experience. You feel good about helping others and making a difference. Over time, you begin to see yourself as a compassionate and caring person.
Self–Perception Theory
– is a cognitive representation of self-knowledge which includes
the total of all beliefs that people have about themselves.
Self–concept
is the individual’s perception or description of his
physical self, including his physical appearance.
Physical self
the concept a person has
about himself that
develops over the years
including aspects of his
life that he was born into
like family
Personal identity
– The sense of self is continuously shaped through ongoing interaction with others or with significant
relationship partners
Maintaining, Regulating, and Expanding the Self in Interpersonal Relationships
, people learn about their value and lovability when they experience how their mothers or caregivers care for them and respond to their needs.
According to Bowlby (1969)
– The view of oneself comes from a
compilation of personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive
the individual.
The Looking-glass Self Theory
– are inferences regarding other’s appraisal of a
person.
Reflected Appraisal
– introduced another way of understanding oneself by comparing
one’s traits, abilities, or opinions to that of others.
Social comparison
– a process of comparing
oneself with others in order to evaluate one’s abilities
and opinions.
SOCIAL COMPARISON
– happens when an individual compares himself
to others who are better than him
Upward social comparison
`happens when an individual compares
himself to someone who is in a worse situation than he is especially when he is feeling so low. This may make him feel better knowing that he is more fortunate
than this person.
Downward social comparison
is the biggest venue of social
comparison
formulated by Tajfel and Turner in 1979 provides a framework for how people achieve understanding
about themselves by being a member of their group. People need a positive social identity which is why they
connect to a wider social network.
Social Identity Theory (Collective Identity)
This idea assumes that as a member of the group, they will not be discriminated by an out-group. It
will enhance their self-esteem because they feel secure with the shield of the group membership
where they belong.
Social Identity Theory (Collective Identity)
has been considered the “real home”, “temple”, or “vehicle”.
The physical body
It is the only one that we have throughout our entire lives and is also the one most intimate to us
physical body
is our instrument so we can perform our daily tasks.
physical body
is the intentional, planned, and actual act of taking the time to
attend to our basic physical, mental, and emotional needs
Self-care
Self-care occurs in three levels:
physical, mental, and emotional
This aspect of self-care is the simplest one and is very common nowadays.
physical self care
There are three basic aspects of physical self- care:
good nutrition, a sufficient amount of
recovery time, and
necessary exercise
is a two-fold process
Mental self-care
tips for improving our mental health habits as suggested by Brzosko
(2018):
Focus your attention on
the present moment.
Practice gratitude
Exercise patience.
Learn to accept what
is already happening.
stated that all emotions are
essential “energy in motion”
The Presence Process, Michael Brown
” for the positive
emotions
for the negative ones
to be “right” or “wrong”
based on the way we feel
desired
unwanted
unfair
is defined as how one
thinks about himself or herself as a sexual individual.
Sexual selfhood
is a topic that, just like beauty, is culturally diverse
Human sexuality
has been defined as the ways in
which people experience and express themselves as sexual being, as expected by their own society.
HUMAN SEXUALITY
is shaped by
attitudes, cultural traditions and beliefs.
Sexual behavior
physical changes that distinguish the males from females
secondary sexual changes
its the transition from childhood to adulthood
puberty
we observe physical and psychological changes
puberty
puberty hits when the girls and boys are?
8-16 years for the girl and between 11-18 years for the boy
Secondary Sex Characteristics
male:
voice become much lower(breaks)
hair growth on chest, face,underarms,arms,legs and pubic area
increase in muscle size.
skin becomes oily and pores enlarge
female:
breast enlarge
hair growth under arms and pubic are
hip widens
skin become oily and pores enlarge
that happen during the course of
puberty prepare the male and
females body for procreation
primary sexual changes
Female’s ovaries begin
producing egg cells (__) and the
male’s testicles begin producing
live sperm cells (_____).
ova, spermatozoa
Primary Sex Characteristics
male:
testes
penis
scrotum
seminal vesicles and prostate glands
female;
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
are areas of the body that are particularly responsive to tactile pleasurable parts.
Erogenous Zones
pertain to areas that contain thick
concentration of nerve ending (
genitals, buttocks, anus, inner
surface of the thighs, armpits, navel, neck, ears, lips, tongue and
entire oral cavities).
Primary erogenous zones
include all other regions of the
body. For instance, if one is tenderly kissed and stroked by one’s
spouse at the upper back, that area can be transformed to an
erogenous zone because it is touched within the context of
physical intimacies.
Secondary erogenous zones
refers to the physical or physiological difference between male and female, including both the primary sex
characteristics (the reproductive system)
Sex
is
defined by the reproductive organs, including the cellular
components such as the chromosomes and the hormones.
Sex
There are three sex variations according to Western Australian AIDS Council (WAAC
male
female
intersex
is a person with a penis or the male
organ with XY chromosomes in his cells.
Male
is
capable of producing high levels of testosterone.
male body
is a person with a vagina or the female reproductive organ with XX chromosomes.
Female
is capable of producing high levels of estrogen
female body
is a person born with the sexual anatomy or chromosomes that do not fit the traditional definition of
male or female.
Intersex
refers to social
or cultural roles played by a male or female in the
society.
gender
is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine
Gender identity
describes
how someone prefers to
express his/her gender to the
world
Gender expression
a person identifying himself or herself with
the sex assigned to them at birth.
Cisgender
Ex. A person who is
assigned as a male at birth and identifies himself as a male.
Cisgender
– gender identity does not match the sex that was assigned at birth.
Transgender
ex. A person who was assigned as
a female at birth but identifies herself as a male.
Transgender
– a person whose gender is not fixed as it shifts depending on the situation.
Gender fluid
there is an increasing number of
individuals who identifies themselves as
gender fluid
pertains to the part of a person expressed through sexual activities and relationship
sexuality
it is often represented through one’s feelings, sexual identity, and behaviors
sexuality
how a person chooses to describe or label his/her sexuality
sexual identity
– a person who is attracted to someone from
the opposite sex
Heterosexual
a person attracted to someone of the
same sex.
Homosexual
– a person who is attracted to both genders
Bisexual
– a person having no sexual attraction (not
not experience sexual drives or attraction
Asexual
- a person with an excessive interest in sex to the point where it can cause problems in his life.
Hypersexual
– a person’s attraction to multiple genders.
Pansexual
– some people who may be unsure about their sexuality or are exploring it.
Questioning
– these may include the
center of the affection or the person one is
attracted to
feelings and fantasies
– expressed through any form of sexual
interaction
behaviors
– this term corresponds to the label or
description of one’s sexuality.
identity
is a perspective that questions the manner in which we have been taught to think about sexual
orientation.
Queer Theory
pointed out
dozens of other ways in which people’s sexualities are
different
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick
is attraction and behavior towards
the opposite sex. It is more than the male and female sexual behavior.
Heterosexuality,
given by God as an expression of love to be shared and enjoyed exclusively between a husband and wife.
heterosexual sex
Some men and
women start to masturbate for the first time at different ages ranging
from _ years. For these people, the highest peak is at ___ for
the male gender and ___ for the female gender.
5-21 years, 9-13 year, 12-16 years
the most standard and most
acceptable sexual behavior, and generally the
gauge of wedded bliss.
MARITAL SEX
is a significant
contributor to general sense of happiness.
Marital happiness
Yet it still continues into late adulthood and majority of these people engage in sexual act at
least __ a month but this is of high quality.
1 or 2 times
particularly for women, is a major taboo.
premarital sex
The idea that premarital sex is allowed for males but not permitted for
females is termed
double standard
is a practice between a married person and someone who is not his/her spouse
Extramarital sex
are diseases that are
contracted primarily through sexual contact with an infected individual.
Sexually transmitted infections
Each year, there is an estimated __ new infections with 1 of 4 STIs:
376 million, chlamydia, gonorrhea,
syphilis and trichomoniasis.
More than 500 million people are estimated to have
genital infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV)
More than 290 million women have a
human papillomavirus
(HPV)
There were __ pregnant women who were infected
with syphilis in 2016, resulting in over ___adverse
birth outcomes including ____ stillbirths and newborn
deaths
988,000, 350,000 , 200,000
has shown high rates of quinolone resistance,
increasing azithromycin resistance and emerging
resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins.
Gonococcal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program
Eight of these pathogens are linked to the greatest Incidence of sexually transmitted disease. Of these 8 infections, 4 are currently curable:
The other 4 are viral infections which are incurable:
syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis
hepatitis B, herpes
simplex virus (HSV or herpes), HIV, and human papillomavirus (HPV)
HIV stands for
while AIDS stands for
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome
is a virus while__ is a condition or syndrome.
HIV , AIDS
can lead to infections that attack and destroy the
CD4 (T-cell) of the immune system which is the body’s
natural defense against such illnesses as tuberculosis,
pneumonia and cancer.
HIV
is a combination of
medications that is used to prevent HIV from replicating
in order to protect the body against the virus and
infection.
Antiretroviral therapy (ART)
It helps those who are HIV
positive to live longer and happier lives. And it lowers the
risk of advancing the condition into AIDS.
Antiretroviral therapy (ART)
, the Philippines has the highest HIV infection growth in the Asia-Pacific region as reported by the Health Ministry and the United
Nations.
in August 2017
newly confirmed HIV-positive individuals reported to the
HIV/AIDS and ART Registry of the Philippines (HARP).
January to March 2020, there were 2,818
had clinical manifestations of
advanced HIV infection at the time of testing.
Seventeen percent (473)
of the newly diagnosed were male.
Ninety-four percent (2,658)
This is a sexually
transmitted infection-caused by a
large family of viruses of different
strains.
Genital Herpes
These strains produce other
non-sexually transmitted diseases
such as chicken pox and
mononucleosis.
Genital Herpes
This is an STI caused
by the human papillomavirus; genital
warts are very contagious and are the
most commonly acquired STI in the
United States in the ___
old age group.
Genital Warts, 15-to 24-year-
This is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria
Gonorrhea.
This is a sexually transmitted infection
caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, a spirochete
Syphilis.
which thrives in the moist mucous
membrane linings of the mouth, throat, vagina,
cervix, urethra, and the anal tract.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
If left untreated, syphilis may progress
through four phases:
a. chancre sores appear
b. general skin rashes occur
c. a period that can last for several years with no overt and visible symptoms
d. presence of cardiovascular disease,
blindness,
primary
Secondary
Latent
Tertiary
This is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections named after Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia
an organism that spreads through genital organs sexual contact and infects the
of both sexes.
Chlamydia trachomatis
are medicines and other devices
that are used to prevent unwanted pregnancy.
Contraceptives
these are daily oral
contraceptives. Some contain
estrogen and progestogen;
others progestin only. It is over
99% effective if used according
to instructions.
oral contraceptives (pills)
it is a small patch one
sticks on to the skin that releases
estrogen and progestogen. It stops
ovulation and is over 99% effective if
used according to instructions.
the patch
a small
plastic ring inserted into the vagina
every month. It releases hormones to
stop ovulation. It is over 99% effective if used appropriately based on the
instructions.
the ring
is a small flexible rod that is
inserted under the skin of the upper
arm by a health professional.
Implants
which is a long-acting
reversible contraception does not depend on you taking it daily and
more than 99% effective
injection
prevents ovulation or the release of the egg cell
HORMONAL METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION
methods that physically or chemically block the sperm
from reaching the egg and provide a barrier between
direct skin to skin contact
BARRIER METHODS
It is a soft dome made of latex or silicone and is used with spermicide. 92 to 96% effective
when used correctly.
Diaphragm
these are similar to the
diaphragm, though they are generally always made of silicone.92 to 96%
effective when used correctly.
Cervical Caps
is made up of
thin latex put over the penis to stop the sperm from entering vagina. It is 98% effective when used exactly according to instructions.
male condom
is made of thin polyurethane that loosely lines the vagina and stops sperm
from entering. It is 95% effective.
female condom
procedures that make an individual permanently incapable of conceiving or fertilizing a partner
STERILIZATION
which
fallopian tubes are tied to
prevent eggs from travelling
to the uterus so a woman
cannot get pregnant.
Tubal ligation/sterilization
an operation in which the surgeon
makes a small cut in the upper part of the scrotum then
ties or blocks the vas deferens.
Vasectomy
a small device that is placed in the uterus by a doctor to prevent pregnancy
INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD)
- a measure that protects against pregnancy after unprotected sex has
already occurred.
EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION (EC)
Happens during the course purbety prepared by the male and female body
Procreation
According to him, once the physiological needs are met, the person becomes dedicated to attaining the higher-order needs, that is why he emphasized that we give due attention to all the needs of the body
Abraham Maslow
Healthy children according to him are more competent and therefore, will become more capable of acquiring complex skills than children who are undernourished and sickly.
Erik Erikson
“A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself.”
Abraham maslow
Without the tangible, responsive physical body we could enjoy the pleasure of the world.
b.False
Indian tradition believed that the body deserves love and respect so there should be neither full indulgence of one’s desire nor extreme ascetism or self-denial.
a.True
It is a collection of all individual experiences involving one’s characteristics, social roles, values, goals and fears thus it pertains to all characteristics the person enumerates when asked to describe who he is.
self concept
People learn about their value and lovability when they experience how their mothers or caregivers care for them and respond to their needs.
a.Personal Factor c. Emotional Factor
b.Social Factor d. Spiritual Factor
emotional factor
They act as ___________with whom people carry an internal dialogue, oftentimes people are not aware that they are being influenced by these people.
b.Private Audiences
They are individual who support and advocate for the rights and acceptance of LGBTQ+ people, even if they do not identify as LGBTQ+ themselves.`
d.Allies
