CONTEMPT MIDTERM Flashcards
, also known as the international highway system, is a vast network of interconnected roads and highways that spans across countries and continents, facilitating the movement of people, goods, and services on a global scale
global interstate system
– is an institutional arrangement of governance that addresses regional or globalized issues that go beyond the scope of a nation-state.
Global Interstate System
– a system of centralized rule that succeeded in subordinating all other institutions and groups, temporal and spiritual
State
Emerged in 15th and 16th century in Europe.
State
remains central to the organization of states and international relations, but it has evolved and faces new challenges due to the changing global landscape.
concept of sovereignty
puts emphasis on diversity and celebrates multiculturalism
Internationalism
refers to the coordination and management of international affairs and challenges through the cooperation of multiple actors, including states, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), multinational corporations, and other stakeholders.
Global governance
A state must have a clearly defined territory with recognized borders. The territory should be distinguishable and identifiable on the map.
Defined Territory
A state should have a settled population residing within its borders. The population does not necessarily need to be homogenous but should be stable and self-sustaining
Permanent Population
A state should have an organized and functioning government capable of exercising control over its territory and population.
Effective Government
This includes the ability to enact and enforce laws, provide public services, maintain order, and represent the state in international affairs.
Effective Government
A state must possess the capacity to conduct international relations and interact with other states.
Capacity to Enter into Relations with Other States
This involves the ability to negotiate treaties, engage in diplomacy, and participate in international organizations.
Capacity to Enter into Relations with Other States
A state should be free from the control of any external authority and should not be subject to undue influence from other states or organizations.
Independence
The entity seeking statehood must express a clear intention to be recognized as a sovereign state.
Intent and Willingness
This intention is often demonstrated through actions and declarations that show a desire for independence and self-determination.
Intent and Willingness
The entity seeking statehood needs to be acknowledged as a sovereign state by a significant number of other states in the international community.
Recognition by Other States
2 aspects of the broader concept of sovereignty
Internal sovereignty
external sovereignty
relates to a state’s exclusive authority to govern within its territorial boundaries without interference from external actors.
Internal sovereignty
refers to a state’s recognition as an independent and equal member of the international community.
External sovereignty
It signifies a state’s ability to exercise effective control over its domestic affairs, including its government, laws, policies, and institutions.
Internal sovereignty
It is the acknowledgment by other states and international entities that a particular state possesses the right to govern itself without external interference in its external affairs.
External sovereignty
6 the facilitates cooperation of United Nations
international law
international security
economic development
social progress
human rights
world peace
It is the only international organization for international cooperation that can authorize
The United Nations (UN)
serves as the primary organization for international cooperation, peace, and security.
The United Nations (UN)
primary objective is to advance the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.
The Economic and Social Council’s(ECOSOC)
It serves as a gateway of the UN’s partnership with the rest of the world for the coordination, policy review, dialogue, recommendations, and implementations of international development goals.
The Economic and Social Council’s(ECOSOC)
was established as a main organ of the UN (Chapter XIII) to provide international supervision of Trust Territories that are under the administration of seven members-states
The Trusteeship Council
2 working of the council from trusteeship council
- authorized to examine and sinus reports from the administering authority on the political of the peoples of trust territories
- to examine petitions from and undertake periodic and other special mission to trust territories
is the United Nation’s principal judicial organ (Chapter XVI).
International Court of Justice
Its role is to settle legal disputes between states (contentious cases) and to provide advisory opinions on legal questions referred by the UN organs
International Court of Justice
is the most potent organ with the power to make legally binding resolutions.
Security Council (SC)
It is compromised of the strongest military states and is a concrete manifestation of the reality of power dynamics.
Security Council (SC)
The Security council is composed of 15 members, among them would be the five states which are granted permanent seats by the UN Charter (Chapter V)
China
France
Great Britain
Russia
United States
The is the only UN organ with universal representations, with all __ member states represented in the body
General Assembly (GA), 193 members
the General Assembly meets for the__ . moreover, the body also elects a General Assembly President and __ every sessions for a one-year term.
annual General Assembly Session and general debate participated by several heads of state, 21 Vice Presidents
remains to be the primary decisions-maker of the UN in all matters of international peace and security.
Security Council
One example of a global treaty and which aim to phase out the production of numerous substances responsible for ozone depletion, signed in August 26, 1987 with 46 country signatories (US EPA, 2017).
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
are related concepts that refer to different approaches to global governance and cooperation among nations.
Globalism and internationalism
refers to a worldview or ideology that emphasizes increasing interconnectedness, interdependence, and integration across national boundaries.
Globalism
3 Examples of globalism
Trade
Climate Change
Human Rights
Globalists support free trade agreements and the reduction of trade barriers to promote economic integration and maximize global welfare.
ex. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP).
Trade
refers to a more nation-centric approach to international cooperation.
Internationalism
t emphasizes the importance of maintaining the sovereignty and independence of individual nations while recognizing the benefits of collaboration and diplomacy.
Internationalism
focus on bilateral and multilateral relationships between nations, working together on specific issues of mutual interest or concern.
Internationalists
3 Examples of internationalism
Diplomacy
Humanitarian Aid
Regional Cooperation
Globalists argue for international cooperation to address climate change and environmental issues. The Paris Agreement, signed by numerous countries in 2015, exemplifies globalist efforts to mitigate global warming through collective action.
climate change
Globalists emphasize the importance of universal human rights and advocate for international human rights instruments and organizations, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Amnesty International.
human rights
nternationalists prioritize diplomatic negotiations and agreements between individual nations to address shared challenges or conflicts.
diplomacy
Internationalists promote providing aid and assistance to nations in need during times of crisis or natural disasters. International organizations like the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement work on the principles of internationalism to provide humanitarian support globally
humanitarian aid
Internationalists often emphasize cooperation within specific regions to address regional challenges.
regional cooperation
according to him, state is a
A system of centralized rule that succeeded in subordinating all other institutions and groups, temporal and spiritual
Heywood (2011)
contemporary factors have influenced and shaped the concept of sovereignty?
Technological advancements and global communication
What does Internationalism emphasize?
Economic exchanges among countries
To supervise Trust Territories and ensure steps towards self-governance
primary role of the Trusteeship Council
To settle legal disputes between states and provide advisory opinions on legal questions referred by the UN
the role of the International Court of Justice
“The United Nations represents a moral authority that makes the international community accountable for ensuring peace and security, development, and the respect for human rights.”
Ban Ki-moon
has played a vital role in enhancing globalization as it linked societies closer, with the exchange of ideas, culture, and multiple information.
International mass media
refers to humans’ way of life – how we present ourselves, what are the choices we make and how, how we relate with one another, how we pursue our aspirations.
culture
making term use to help better understand another term.
Metaphor
refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things furthermore, solids can either be natural or man-made.
Solidity
refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information and places in the contemporary world.
Liquidity
Characteristics of Liquidity
- Today’s liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspects, spatial and temporal are in continuous fluctuation. This means that time are crucial elements in globalization. In global finance for instance changes in stock market are a matter of seconds.
- Their movement is difficult to stop – for ex. Videos uploaded on you tube or facebook are unstoppable once they become viral. The so called internet sensations become famous not only in their homeland but also to the entire wolrd.
the most important characteristics of liquid:
tends to melt whatever stands in its path
the metaphor best describe globalization is
liquidity
are movement of people, things, places and information brought by the growing “porosity” of global limitations.
Flows,
2 Kinds of flows:
- Poor illegal migrants flooding many parts of the world.
- Virtual flow of legal and illegal information such as blogs, child pornography, immigrants recreating ethnic enclaves in host countries ex. Filipino communities abroad and the Chinese communities in the Phil.
refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors and political orientations of societies
Homogeneity-
this means other culture influences other cultures
cultural imperialism
Homogeneity in culture is often linked to
cultural imperialism
approach which treats every country in the world as the same
One -size-fits all
– it means only one political orientation is growing in today’s society.
McWorld
The global flow of Media is often characterized as
media imperialism
the process by which western societies are dominated by the principles of fast-food restaurants
McDonaldization-
involves the global spread of rational system, such as efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control pointed out that this process is “extended to other businesses, sectors, and geographic
McDonaldization
pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and political groups because of interaction of elements from different societies in the world
Heterogeneity-
refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or of the hybrids or combinations of culture that can be produces through the different trans planetary process.
Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity is culture associated with ___ specific concept is ___
cultural hybridization, “Glocalization”.
is when an international corporation modifies some of its offerings in order to accommodate local consumer tastes or preferences.
Glocalization
it refers to the political groups that are engaged in an “intensification of nationalism and that leads to greater political heterogeneity throughout the world
McWorld vs the “Jihad”
approach emphasizes the integration of local and global culture or interpenetration of the global and local resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic areas.
Cultural Hybridization
is when two or more cultures influence each other and become similar with increased contact.
Cultural Convergence
ex. Brands like McDonald’s or Starbucks are found worldwide, making similar foods and experiences accessible in many different countries.
Cultural Convergence
Ex. The spread of the effects of American financial crisis on Europe.
flows
ex. McDonald’s Menus: McDonald’s adapts its menu to fit local tastes. In India, they offer a “McAloo Tikki” (vegetarian burger), while in Japan, they offer “Teriyaki McBurger.”
Glocalization
emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are only superficially affected by global flows.
Cultural Differentialism-
ex. Ex. The bloody political conflict between the West and Islamic civilizations
Cultural Differentialism
way of life manifested in tangible objects and intangible ideas we hold dear.
culture
are articulated in symbols or illustrations that convey meanings.
Culture
It is also manifested in language or a system of symbols that enable members of a society to communicate with one another.
culture
is the process through which individuals or groups from one culture come into contact with and adopt practices, values, and customs from another culture.
Acculturation
example:
Global Popularity of K-Pop: The rise of K-pop around the world has led to the blending of Korean and Western music styles, fashion, and dance, with fans from diverse cultures adopting elements of Korean culture.
Acculturation
refers to the process of making adjustments or adaptations to accommodate the needs or preferences of individuals or groups from different cultural backgrounds
ex.
Accommodation
ex. Language Interpretation Services and Cultural Sensitivity Training
Providing interpretation services in healthcare settings, legal proceedings, and educational institutions to facilitate communication between individuals who speak different languages.
Language Interpretation Services
Providing training to employees in diverse workplaces to raise awareness about cultural differences and promote respectful interactions.
Cultural Sensitivity Training
refers to the process by which individuals or groups adopt the cultural norms, values, and practices of the dominant or host culture, often at the expense of their own cultural identity.
ex.
Assimilation
ex. Social Assimilation and Language Assimilation
Immigrants may adapt their social behaviors and norms to conform to those of the dominant culture. This could include changes in clothing styles, social interactions, and recreational activities.
Social Assimilation
Immigrants to a new country may gradually adopt the dominant language of that country, such as immigrants to the United States learning English as their primary language.
Language Assimilation
2 kinds of media
one to one
mass communication
ex. phone conversation between two person
one to one
ex. the films
mass communication
advertising, marketing and critue are all features assosiciated with
media
cultures refer to the diverse and interconnected forms of media content, communication, and expressions that transcend national boundaries and reach audiences worldwide.
Global media
the convergence of different media platforms and technologies, such as television, radio, print, film, and the internet.
Media Convergence
This convergence enables the seamless flow of media content across various devices and facilitates the global distribution of media products.
Media Convergence
by introducing audiences to content and perspectives from diverse cultures and societies.
Cultural Exchange
certain cultural elements as popular media products.
allowing local cultures to resist and reinterpret global influences, leading to hybrid cultural expressions.
Homogenization and Heterogenization:
Exposure to global media cultures can shape individual and collective identities. Audiences may integrate elements from various media sources into their identities, leading to the formation of transnational or cosmopolitan identities.
Influence on Identities
Global media cultures often require translation and localization to make content accessible to diverse linguistic audiences.
Language and Translation
by producing and distributing content that reaches audiences worldwide
Transnational Media Companies
Global media cultures facilitate the spread of social and political movements.
Media Activism and Social Movement
Events like the Olympic Games, World Cup, and major entertainment awards ceremonies have become global media spectacles, drawing massive international audiences and promoting a sense of global community.
Global Media Events
where the values and norms of one culture are imposed on others, potentially leading to the erosion of local cultures.
Challenges of Cultural Imperialism
The global nature of media requires careful consideration of ethical practices and regulatory frameworks to address issues like misinformation, privacy concerns, and cultural sensitivity.
Ethical and Regulatory Considerations
play a significant role in shaping how people consume and participate in media content on a global scale.
Global media cultures
refer to the movement of ideas, values, practices, and artifacts across geographical, social, and political boundaries. These flows can occur through various channels, including trade, migration, technology, media, and globalization.
ex.
Cultural Flows
ex. Media and Technology
Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram enable the instant dissemination of cultural content, trends, and ideas across borders, allowing individuals to connect with others from different cultural backgrounds.
Social Media and Global Connectivity
also known as cultural relativism or cultural pluralism, is an approach or perspective that recognizes and respects the diversity of cultures and believes that each culture should be understood and evaluated in its own context,
Cultural differentialism
Cultural differentialism advocates for respecting and valuing the diversity of human cultures.
Respect for Cultural Diversity
It recognizes that cultural practices, beliefs, and values are shaped by historical, geographical, and social contexts and should not be judged solely through the lens of one’s own cultural perspective.
Respect for Cultural Diversity
is the tendency to view one’s own culture as superior to others.
Avoiding Ethnocentrism
which posits that each culture’s practices and beliefs should be understood and evaluated within the framework of that culture, rather than applying universal or absolute standards.
Cultural Relativism
Cultural differentialism promotes the preservation and protection of unique cultural identities, languages, and traditions, especially in the face of globalization and cultural homogenization.
Preservation of Cultural Identity
Emphasizing cross-cultural understanding and dialogue, cultural differentialism encourages people to learn from and engage with different cultures, fostering mutual respect and appreciation
Cross-Cultural Understanding
, where people from different backgrounds can coexist harmoniously.
Tolerance and Inclusivity
colonial legacies that historically led to the marginalization and erasure of certain cultures and their contributions.
Challenges Power Imbalances
Cultural differentialism recognizes the importance of human rights and acknowledges that some cultural practices may violate universal human rights principles.
Promoting Human Rights
emphasizes respect for cultural diversity
cultural differentialism
9 characteristics of cultural differentialism
The Security Council (SC)
Respect for Cultural Diversity
Avoiding Ethnocentrism
Cultural Relativism
Preservation of Cultural Identity
Cross-Cultural Understanding
Tolerance and Inclusivity
Challenges Power Imbalances
Promoting Human Rights
10 characteristics of global media cultures
Media Convergence
Cultural Exchange
Homogenization and Heterogenization
Influence on Identities
Language and Translation
Transnational Media Companies
Media Activism and Social Movements
Global Media Events
Challenges of Cultural Imperialism
Ethical and Regulatory Considerations
the sum of the processes by which a society is brought into the modern world system and how its dominating stratum is attracted, pressured,
Cultural imperialism
have minor differences but most of the international communication literature considers the latter as a category of the former.
concepts of cultural imperialism and media imperialism
defined by Boyd-Barret the process whereby the ownership, distribution or content of the media in any one country are singly
Media imperialism
the promotion and imposition of a politically powerful culture over a less powerful nation
has a much wider scope
may take various form, such as a formal policy, media, attitudes or military action
cultural imperialism
the over concentration of mass media from larger nations
narrower scope
mainly takes place through mass media ex news, channels, western movies
media imperialism
refers to the process by which local cultures become similar or even identical to one another due to the influence of global media, resulting in the reduction of cultural diversity.
Cultural homogenization
Example: The global spread of fast food chains like McDonald’s, Starbucks, and KFC is another example. These brands offer standardized products and experiences that can be found in numerous countries worldwide.
Cultural homogenization
refers to the process by which global media facilitates the preservation, adaptation, and blending of local cultures, resulting in increased cultural diversity and the creation of unique cultural expressions.
Cultural heterogenization
Example: K-pop (Korean pop music) is a prime example of cultural heterogenization. While heavily influenced by Western pop, hip-hop, and electronic music, K-pop retains unique elements of Korean culture, such as language, fashion, and performance styles.
Cultural heterogenization
are ongoing processes in the global media landscape
Cultural homogenization and heterogenization
can lead to the erosion of local cultures and the dominance of Western norms,
homogenization
fosters cultural diversity and the adaptation of global influences into unique, localized expressions
heterogenization
The major media television, radio, and the press do not just report the news, they manufacture consent.
Noam Chomsky
a unified system of beliefs and practice related to faith, the sacred, higher moral values.
Religion
refers to the process by which ideas, beliefs, and practices spread across the world, facilitated by advancements in communication, transportation, and trade.
Globalization
has been significantly influenced by globalization.
religion
refers to the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions are becoming increasingly interconnected and influential on a global scale.
globalization of religion
refers to the aspect of human experience that involves a connection to something greater than oneself, which can involve a search for meaning in life, a sense of interconnectedness, or a relationship with the divine or sacred.
Spirituality
4 Examples of Spiritual Practices:
Meditation and Mindfulness
Prayer
Yoga
Pilgrimage
Techniques aimed at focusing the mind and achieving a state of calm and clarity, often used in Buddhism and other spiritual traditions.
Meditation and Mindfulness
Communicating with a higher power, common in many religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism.
Prayer
A physical, mental, and spiritual practice rooted in Hinduism, aimed at achieving harmony and balance.
Yoga
Traveling to sacred sites for spiritual growth and reflection, such as the Hajj in Islam or the Camino de Santiago in Christianity.
Pilgrimage
refers to the focus on physical and tangible aspects of life, often prioritizing economic, bodily, and worldly needs and desires.
Materialism
5 Characteristics of Materialism:
Physical Well-being
Economic and Financial Focus
Consumption and Acquisition
Scientific and Empirical Understanding
Worldly Success and Achievement
Emphasis on health, bodily comfort, and physical fitness.
Physical Well-being
Pursuit of wealth, possessions, and financial security as primary goals
Economic and Financial Focus
Valuing the acquisition of goods and services, often linked to status and identity.
Consumption and Acquisition
Relating to knowledge and understanding derived from the physical sciences and empirical evidence.
Scientific and Empirical Understanding
Striving for success in career, education, and social status based on measurable achievements.
Worldly Success and Achievement
is not a new phenomenon, as religions have historically expanded through trade, conquest, and missionary activities.
Religious globalization
. These networks facilitate information exchange, religious education, and cooperation on shared religious goals.
Transnational Religious Networks:
Globalization has led to increased migration, resulting in the establishment of diaspora communities around the world.
Migration and Diaspora Communities
The internet and social media platforms have become powerful tools for religious outreach and communication.
Religious Media and Technology
People from different religious backgrounds come into contact more frequently, fostering opportunities for understanding, tolerance, and collaboration.
Interfaith Dialogue and Encounter
, where elements from various faiths blend to form new religious expressions.
Religious Syncretism and Hybridization
, with people traveling to visit sacred sites, pilgrimage destinations, and religious events, promoting cultural exchange and spiritual exploration.
Religious Tourism
These movements often address global issues and advocate for social and political change.
Global Religious Movements
The globalization of religion can challenge traditional religious authorities and practices
Challenges to Tradition and Authority
when religious beliefs and practices clash with universal human rights principles, such as gender equality and LGBTQ+ rights.
Ethical and Human Rights Concerns
is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that impacts individuals, societies, and geopolitical dynamics.
globalization of religion
4 globalization has affected religion in various ways.
(1) It paved way of the rise of religious nationalism
(2) turn of religion into public life
(3) the proliferation of international terrorism
(4) the increase of religiosity.
is a cultural feature that blurs the lines between characteristic of migration amidst globalization.
Deterritorialization
Global migration also resulted in what Campbell (2007) called the
Eaternization of the West.
is influenced by global trends and impulse and is forced to respond to new found situations (Roudometof, 2014).
religion
refers to blending of universal religions with local languages.
Vernacularization
transform a universal religion to suit the specifics of a particular ethic group.
Indigenization
constructs a link between the nation and church.
Nationalization
ex.An example is the practice of Islam by various ethnic groups in the Zamboanga peninsula.
Indigenization
ex. The Philippines Independent Church, an independent Christian denomination,
Nationalization
has complemented religious nationalism by focusing groups on identifying specific religious traditions of real or imagined national homeland. Iglesia ni Cristo is one good example of this.
Transnationalization
(Roudometof (2014) developed a model of 4 distinct glocalization –
indigenization
vernacularization
nationalization
transnationalization.
refers to the belief that religion would lose its significance with economic development and modernization.
Secularization
who posited that modernization involves a decline of religiosity among societies and providing different explanations as to why this will occur.
Auguste Comte, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx
one of the first theorist of secularization, posited that society undergoes three stages:
Auguste Comte
theological stage, metaphysical stage, and the positivist/scientific stage.
– argues that the men will undergo modernization which is a process of the disenchantment of the universe with the replacement of bureaucratization, rationalization, and secularization.
Max Weber
– He argues that the individualization of the societies breaking the bonds of community.
Emile Durkheim
views religion as the opium of the people created by the material conditions.
Karl Marx
is a theoretical framework that suggests a decline in the significance and influence of religion in modern societies.
Tschannen (1991) Secularization Paradigm
The secularization paradigm, as proposed by sociologists like ____
encompasses several core concepts that characterize the process of secularization in modern societies.
Peter L. Berger and James A. Tschannen,
3 core concepts that characterize the process of secularization in modern societies.
Differentiation
Rationalization
Worldliness
refers to the process of separating various societal institutions and functions from religious influence
Differentiation
is closely linked to secularization and refers to the shift from traditional, religious explanations of the world to rational, scientific, and empirical explanations.
Rationalization
refers to a focus on the material world and earthly matters, rather than on spiritual or otherworldly concerns.
Worldliness
is a theoretical perspective and has faced criticism and challenges from scholars who argue that religion remains resilient and continues to play significant roles in various societies.
secularization paradigm
Gorski(2000)’s Four Basic Positions in Understanding the theories
The Disappearance of Religion Thesis
The Decline of Religion Thesis
The Privatization Thesis
The Transformation Thesis
This position asserts that modernity and secularization will inevitably lead to the disappearance or extinction of religion.
The Disappearance of Religion Thesis
acknowledges that religion may lose its dominant position in society as modernization progresses, but it does not predict its complete disappearance.
The decline of religion thesis
In this view, religion is separated from the public and political domains, becoming a personal matter rather than a social or collective force.
The Privatization Thesis
posits that modernity and secularization bring about changes in religious institutions and beliefs rather than their disappearance.
The transformation thesis
Goldstein(2009) 3 different camps within the old secularization paradigm;
- Functionalists view secularization as a natural consequence of societal development and modernization.
- Phenomenologists take a more nuanced approach to secularization, focusing on the subjective experiences and meanings of religion for individuals.
- Dialectic theorists propose a more complex and dialectical view of secularization.
reaffirms the clash of civilization thesis and argues the revival and resurgence of religion as a consequence of globalization.
Azzouzi
has revolutionized the way people engage with religion, offering new platform for religious expression, community building, and the dissemination of religious ideas.
Digital Media
Digital media provides virtual spaces for religious communities to connect, interact, and engage in religious practices
Online platforms enable live-streamed religious services, virtual prayer gatherings, and online religious education programs
Virtual communities foster a sense of belonging, allowing individuals to participate in religious activities irrespective of physical location, and information, enabling individuals to deepend their knowledge and engage in religious study
(Campbell, 2013)
(Hoover & Lundby, 2020)
(Morgan & Peltonen, 2017).
Social media platforms have become important spaces for religious expression, enabling believers to share religious content, personal reflections, and religious insights
Hashtags, religious-themed groups, and pages create online communities centered around specific religious traditions or topics
Social media activism allows religious individuals and organizations to advocate for social justice causes and promote religious values
There are concerns about the authenticity and integrity of online religious practices and the potential for shallow engagement with religious traditions
(Bunt, 2016)
(Campbell, 2012)
(Morgan & Peltonen, 2017)
(Harvard, 2010)
encapsulates the interconnectedness of economies, cultures, and societies.
global city
can be defined as a metropolis that serves as a hub for international business, finance, and cultural exchange.
global city
are key nodes in the global economic system, serving as centers of finance, commerce, culture, and innovation.global city
Global cities
also known as a world city or known by other terminologies as __ or ___ is a city regarded as a primary node in the global economic network.
global city, world city, “alpha city” or world center
is a major urban center that plays a central role in the global economic system and serves as a key node in the networks of finance, commerce, culture, and communication.
global metropolis
the concept of global cities was popularized in the late 20th century by sociologist__ and urban studies scholar ___.
Saskia Sassen and John Friedmann
most well-known global cities include
New York, London, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Paris, Dubai, and Shanghai
Globalization is spatial because:
- It occurs in physical spaces, 2. What makes globalization move is the fact that it is based on places.
Globalization as a spatial phenomenon, Happens in ___- move to cities.
physical spaces – foreign investment, economic, opportunities, and human capital
8 features of global cities
Economic Significance
Cultural Diversity
Connectivity and Transportation
Knowledge and Education
Tourism and Hospitality
Financial Centers
Cultural and Creative Industries
Influence on Global Affairs
Global cities are economic powerhouses, hosting headquarters of multinational corporations, major financial institutions, and global business centers.
Economic Significance
Global cities are melting pots of cultures, with diverse populations representing various nationalities, ethnicities, and languages.
Cultural Diversity
Global cities have excellent transportation infrastructure, including international airports, extensive public transit systems, and efficient logistics networks.
Connectivity and Transportation
Global cities are home to prestigious universities, research institutions, and think tanks.
Knowledge and Education
Global cities often draw a large number of tourists due to their cultural attractions, landmarks, entertainment options, and world-class hospitality services.
Tourism and Hospitality
Many global cities are prominent financial centers, hosting stock exchanges, investment banks, and financial services firms.
Financial Centers
Global cities are hubs for the arts, entertainment, media, and creative industries.
Cultural and Creative Industries
they play host to international organizations, diplomatic missions, and major global summits.
Influence on Global Affairs
make it attractive to talents from across the world
Economic opportunities
ex. Shanghai may have a smaller stock compared to New York and Tokyo, but it has the World’s busiest container port, moving over 33 million container units in 2013.
economic power
ex London remains a preferred destination for many Filipinos with nursing degrees.
Economic opportunities
ex. Singapore is considered Asia’s most competitive city because of its strong market, efficient and incorruptible government, and livability. It also houses the regional offices of many major global corporations.
economic competitive
ex. Washington D.C, may not be as wealthy as New York but it is the seat of American state power. Its major landmarks are the White House, the Capitol Building (Congress), Supreme Court, Lincoln Memorial, and Washington Monument.
centers of authority
ex. Brussels headquarters of the European Union
centers of political influence
ex. Boston where we can visit the Harvard University
centers of the higher learning and culture
8 Downsides in the Global City
High housing cost
Long working hours
Competitive and precarious labor market
Long commuting times
Urban anonymity and relative social isolations
A fear of strangers and crime after dark
Residential hyper mobility
Challenges of neighborliness and multiculturalism
This phenomenon of driving out the poor in favor of newer wealthier residents is called
gentrification
It is a research network and academic project that studies the relationships between cities and their roles in the global economy.
Globalization and World Cities
refers to cities that play significant roles in the interconnected world economy, acting as major hubs for finance, commerce, culture, and information exchange.
Global Cities
GaWC research categorizes cities into different levels/ The ranking system classifies cities into
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma categories, with Alpha++ being the highest level of global city and Gamma- being the lowest.
consist of indicators and parameters used to determine and measure the categories of global cities and to what extent they function as global cities.
Global City Index
5 dimensions Global Cities Index uses criteria across
Business activity
Human capital
Information exchange
Cultural experience
Political engagement
presence of headquarters, services firms, number of international conferences, value of goods through ports and airports.
Business activity
size of foreign-born population, quality of universities, number of international schools, international student population.
Human capital
accessibility of major TV news, number of international schools, international student population
Information exchange
number of sporting events, museums, performing arts venues
Cultural experience
number of embassies, consulates, international organizations, political conferences.
Political engagement
evaluates and ranks the major cities of the world according to their magnetism or their comprehensive power to attract people, capital, and enterprises from around the world
Global Power City Index
refers to market attractiveness, economic vitality, business environment, regulations, and risk.
Economy
refers to research background, readiness for accepting and supporting researches, and research achievement.
Research and development
refers to trendsetting potential, accommodation environment, dining and shopping, and volume of interactio
Cultural interaction
refers to working environment, cost of living, security, and safety, and life support functions
Livability
refers to ecology, pollution, and natural environment.
Environment
refers to international transport infrastructure and inner city transportation infrastructure.
Accessibility
Top 10 Global Power Cities
London
New York
Tokyo
Paris
Singapore
Amsterdam
Seoul
Berlin
Melbourne
Shanghai
refers to the movement of people, goods, and ideas within and between urban areas.
Mobility
By 2050, _ percent of the people on earth will live in cities.
70
statistics warn us that the quality of life in many cities will be decided by the degree to which major cities can implement intelligent, sustainable transport solutions
Urbanization
is indeed a problem especially in highly populated cities.
Traffic
is increasingly becoming a global issue, with drivers spending nearly 50% of their driving time in traffic in some cities around the world
Traffic congestion
study that examines the dynamics of human populations on a global scale.
Global demography
study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease,
Demography
were characterized by several significant trends and changes.
Global demographic patterns
the global birth rate was showing a declining trend.
Crude Birth and Death Rate
refers to the number of live births per 1,000 people in a given population during a specific time period (usually a year).
Birth rate
the percentage of people who die relative to the country’s population
crude death rates
formula for birth/crude rate
total live births/ total population x 1000= birth rate
formula for death rate
total deaths/ total population x 1000= death rate
refers to the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live birth in a given population during a specific time period (usually a year).
Infant and Child mortality decline
typically includes deaths of children under five years old per 1,000 live births during the same time period.
Child mortality
refers to the average number of years a person can expect to live, assuming current mortality rates remain constant throughout their lifetime.
Global Life Expectancy
who are considered to be of working age and are typically engaged in or available for employment.
working-age population
refers to a significant increase in birth rates that occurred after World War II, mainly between the years 1946 and 1964.
baby boom generation
is consequential with respect to economic and social development.
Demographic change
6 economic impacts of demographic change
Labor Force and Productivity, Economic Growth, Dependency Ratios, Healthcare Expenditure, Pension Systems and Social Security
Changes in the size and age composition of the population directly affect the size and composition of the labor force.
Labor Force and Productivity
where a large proportion of the population is in the working-age group, leading to increased productivity and economic growth.
Economic Growth
non working individuals (children and the elderly) relative to the working-age population.
Dependency Ratios
, which can lead to increased healthcare expenditures for governments and individuals
Healthcare Expenditure
Demographic changes impact pension systems, as a growing number of retirees relative to the working-age population can strain funding.
Pension Systems and Social Security
An aging population may lead to higher demand for healthcare, leisure, and retirement-related products and services, while a youthful population may create higher demand for education and housing.
Consumer Behavior and Demand
Immigration can mitigate labor shortages and support economic growth in aging societies, but it can also raise social and political concerns.
Immigration and Global Workforce
Younger populations may foster a more dynamic and innovative business environment, while older populations may contribute to a more experienced and stable workforce.
Innovation and Entrepreneurship
father of demography and study of population
Thomas malthus (1766-1834)
concluded that food production could not possibly increase fast enough
Thomas malthus (1766-1834)
argued that the world’s resources would be unable to keep pace with population growth.
Thomas malthus (1766-1834)
had a pessimistic view of demographic change and its economic impact, and his ideas are often referred to as the
Malthusian theory
Thomas malthus 2 principles
- The Principle of Population: Malthus believed that population tends to increase exponentially, whereas the growth of food production increases arithmetically.
- Checks on Population Growth: Malthus identified two types of checks that limit population growth: positive checks and preventive checks.
2 types of checks that limit population growth
positive checks and preventive checks.
refer to factors such as famine, disease, and wars that increase the death rate and reduce the population.
Positive checks
include moral restraints (such as abstinence and delayed marriage) to reduce the birth rate and control population growth.
Preventive checks,
believed that overpopulation and resource scarcity would result in poverty, misery, and social unrest.
Thomas malthus
, also known as population stabilization or population stability, is a concept in global demography that advocates for maintaining a stable population size over time.
Population neutralism
is to achieve a balance between birth rates and death rates, ensuring that the number of births equals the number of deaths, resulting in zero population growth.
The goal of population neutralism
argues that if the population of the country could be checked using policy measures such as RH Law, then progress and development can be easier attained.
Reproductive Health Law
officially known as the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health __ is a controversial piece of legislation in the Philippines. It was signed into law on ___, after a long and contentious debate.
Reproductive Health Law, Act of 2012,, December 21, 2012
The law aims to provide universal access to family planning and reproductive health services, information, and education to all citizens, with a particular focus on marginalized sectors of the population.
Reproductive Health Law
Changes in the size and composition of the global labor force can influence the availability and cost of labor in different countries.
Labor Force Dynamics
Demographic changes, such as population growth in certain regions and economic disparities between countries, can drive migration flows
Migration and Diaspora Communities
refer to groups of people who have spread or been dispersed from their homeland to different parts of the world
Diaspora communities
Changes in population size, age structure, and income levels impact consumer markets globally.
Consumer Markets
is influencing global trade patterns.
Aging Population and Social Services:
Global demographic changes can influence the spread of infectious diseases and the demand for healthcare products and services.
Health and Pandemics
Demographic changes, such as increased internet usage and digital literacy, can enhance global connectivity and facilitate globalization through e-commerce, virtual collaboration, and information exchange.
Technological Connectivity
“Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio.”
Thomas Malthus
focuses more on the economic aspect of the exchanges among countries and society.
globalism
believed that religion would have no place in a communist society where all individuals are treated equally with the eradication of class division and the existence of the state.
Marx
