UTS FINALS Flashcards
One of the first to describe the self as the totality of everything that one calls his or hers, which included what he called the “material self.”
William James
This material self focuses more on the body, ourM clothes and belongings, our immediate family, as well as the place we call home.
William James
further researched the
material self and theorized how objects become extensions of ourselves or our identities. These objects extend ourselves
in space and time.
Russell Belk
A tool helps double our strength, a weapon extends our reach, a uniform helps us relate with a group or a t-shirt can remind us of our travels.
Russell Belk
He noted three ways in which we connect
with objects:
1. Through controlling an object
2. Through either creating or buying it 3. Knowing about something creates a
connection between you and that object of your
interest.
Jean-Paul Sartre
Like learning to ride a bike or finally teaching your dog a trick that you want him/her to do. We also connect through using objects to control others, like giving gifts or using bribes.
Through controlling an object
Because you spend blood and sweat on a project, for example, you tend to give it more importance than having a good grade, for it affects you emotionally more than a project
you just haphazardly made.
Spending too much money on something would also make you care for it more, like when someone wants to borrow your custom-made
bike or car, and you keep an eye on them in case they scratch it.
Through either creating or buying it
recent culture and economy have shifted our focus from
production to
consumption
A simple example is investing your time in studying or even mastering something about engineering, biology, art, music, or history. InN time, you might be called an engineer, a
biologist, an artist, a musician, or a historian, which will be part of your identity. Another one is knowing about a person romantically and on a more intimate level that he/she becomes a part of you.
Knowing about something
In 1992,____developed the Material Values Scale (MVS) to measure materialism in consumers.
Richins and Dawson
is about the belief of a person on the importance of material objects to the achievement of happiness or success
Materialism
Several psychological studies support that materialism is
inversely related to
self-esteem.
creates a connection between you and that object of your interest
knowing about something
there seems to be a similar experience in the development of the material self throughout the life of a person.
cultural differences
The connection of self to the material world
develops and changes over time.
According to Belk (1988), there could be four stages of this development:
- The infant distinguishes self from environment;
- The infant distinguishes self from others;
- Possessions help adolescents and adults manage their identities
- Possessions help the old persons have a sense of continuity and preparation
for death.
who explained our relationship with the material world starts with the idea that whoever gets something first is its owner
Jarrett (2013)
It is when a child finds a toy and does not want to let go of it, or another baby takes the toy and the first one throws a tantrum because it was taken from him or her.
finder keepers
which aim to develop the
skills of a child toward more independence
transitional objects
like the happiness that you get from it.
Emotional attachment
the ability of the object to attract people or make
you feel that you belong
Social meaning
how an object is related to our concept of self, like buying an eight-note necklace because you think you are a musician
Personal association
The problem is the love of money, not the money itself. Money is important,
but it should be perceived as a means to a better end. You should not sacrifice short-term satisfaction and happiness for long-term fulfillment and joy
Keep your perspective in check
“The goal is to be rich, not to look rich.” In many instances, it is the appearance that we perceive first. But pretension can only go so far. Having your own money actually lets you buy what you want and what you need. You will
have a higher probability of not lending in case of emergency, and you will not be in bad debt trying to please other people.
Have money, do not just pretend
Have your goal for both short-term (3 months to 1 year) or long-term (more
than a year). Do not just think of something to buy but also something to improve your financial status. Then, keep that goal in mind instead of
comparing yourself with others, as we all have different experiences, including backgrounds. Do not chase after others; build your own
Have your own goal. Take your own time
Many people do not like the word “budget” because it sounds restrictive, but it is not. When you have a budget, you have a) a realistic idea of what you can spend on whatever you want and b) peace of mind that you have at least taken care of the important needs that you have to pay for. Start by making a list of your common expenses for a month and the estimated money you spend on them. Also, include how much money you are willing to save or invest. Then,
make the necessary adjustments
Budget, budget, budget
Having savings in the bank provides security in case of emergencies. Others may have or opt for a separate emergency and savings account, as the savings account can be reserved for a long-term project, like a house. You must not use your savings until an emergency comes or until you can finally use them to purchase a long-term goal.
Save in order to be safe
Make a list when going to the grocery/mall and prioritize buying those things in your list before you buy anything else when you have the spare
money.
Keep your spending habits in check
Sometimes, the budget can be too tight, or the money in the bank is not
growing enough. Therefore, you must find legal ways to increase your income. Any good means to add to your allowance or current income. Just also be sure that you still have time for yourself, your studies, and your family.
Increase income flow
those we acquired but do not necessarily need and/or
do not increase our financial capabilities
Bad debts –
are those we acquire that will increase our financial capabilities.
Good debts
Increasing your financial capabilities takes time and honest work. But, there are means of increasing your income wherein, after putting in the necessary initial work, the money will grow on its own and will yield profit higher than just being in a bank. This is through passive income sources or investments like stocks
exchange, mutual funds, bonds, royalties and real estate.
Make your money grow
EDD
Engage only in a business that you understand.
Do not engage in quick-money pyramid schemes.
Diversify: Do not invest all your money in one place or one
type of business, but do not enter them too thinly. Invest in
around three for a start.
Following the plan of action, you will reach a time when you have a steady flowN of income, both from your work and your investments. You know how to budget things so you can address your needs and enjoy some luxury
Protect the future
The steps are all about keeping you safe and helping you grow financially. The mastermind behind all of these is you. Therefore, you must never stop learning and improving yourself, your skills, and your passions, among others. The more you know,
the more opportunities you can see as well as traps to avoid. Health is also one of the greatest wealth one can have, so have time to eat right and exercise.
Your greatest investment is still yourself
Enjoy your profits, keep a good relationship with your family, have a healthy and romantic relationship, serve the community, take a hobby, engage in arts or sports, plant a tree, or adopt a stray pet.
Enjoy life no matter what
From the Greek work Politika,
POLITICS
etymologically defined as ‘affairs of the cities.
POLITICS
It is the decision-making process that applies to all group members.
POLITICS
The ability to govern and control a group of people in a community, state, or nation
POLITICS
It can be inferred from this news that a person’s ability to influence others by
deciding for them is one of the essential qualities in one’s political self
POLITICS
is social, and almost all philosophers adhere to this absolute
truth.
Human nature
both agreed with this political nature of man, that the state is a natural institution founded like a ma
St. Thomas and Aristotle
In entering into a social
group for the satisfaction of his needs, a person in a sense shows a___ of his life.
political
character
is a necessary consequence of his
social existence
Political life
political life must adhere to the idea that “the ruler and the ruled” should be able to uphold the common good.
St. Thomas Aquinas
In politics, the ruler is the government, and the ruled
are the people or the citizens.
serve some basic survival needs, such as the need for internal order and the defense of external enemies.
political systemS
create and reinforce loyalty to this
larger entity and its leader.
Ritual and other unifying symbols
were small and needed no extensive political system
Early societies
then came into being, with power radiating outward from a city
like a spider’s web.
City-states
the political entity that claims a monopoly on violence within a territory came into being.
state
The political organization of a complex society is called the
nation-state
It is closely related to the political self
Leadership
involves an individual’s beliefs, values,
identity, and attitudes about politics and governance
concept of the political self
is the process by which certain group members motivate and guide
the group
Leadership
can be exercised in a small group, such as in the family, in the
classroom, or in school as leaders of any school organization.
Leadership
may also be observed on a larger scale, such as in government
(politicians) and international affairs leaders.
Leadership
consistently stick to their goals, have
the self-confident charisma that influences their followers, can communicate in clear and simple language, and have enough optimism and faith in their group to inspire them to follow
effective leaders
, in general, is not separate from other forms of human
relationships.
Political behavior
believed that we have three psychological needs
David McClelland
– want others to follow him/her.
Need for power
need to please others or you want others to like you
Need for affiliation
need for you to reach
your goals and to be competitive
Need for achievement
the motivation to lead as a result of a
desire to be in charge and lead others.
Affective identity motivation –
– those who seek leadership positions because they will result in personal gain
Noncalculative motivation
.– the desire to lead out of a sense of duty or responsibility
Social-normative motivation
leaders who plan and organize for their subordinates.
Instrumental
leaders who show concern for their subordinates.
Supportive
leaders who allow subordinates to participate in
decision-making.
Participative
sets challenges and rewards achievement
Achievement-oriented
is a pattern of leadership behavior that is repeatedly shown
as evident across various situations
Leadership style
– directive, non-participative and domineering
Autocratic leadership
participative, communicative, and egalitarian
Democratic leadership –
– ‘hands-off’, with few attempts made to influence others.
Laissez-faire leadership
focus on the proper exchange of resources and give followers something in exchange for something the leaders want.
Transactional leaders -
– focus on aligning the
group or organizational goals with the followers’ needs and aspirations by
developing an appealing vision (whereby organizational needs are placed above self-interest)
Transformational leaders (charismatic leaders)
– engage in ‘non-leadership,’ that is, they avoid
making decisions, hesitate in taking action, and are often absent when
needed
Laissez-faire leaders
, which is the supreme law of the land, also provides a picture of who a Filipino is concerning his nation.
the Philippine Constitution
are either natural-born or naturalized citizens of the Philippines
Filipinos
This citizenship may be acquired by birth (involuntary method) or naturalization (voluntary method).
Filipino Citizens by Birth
states that children should follow the citizenship of their parents by virtue of their blood relationship.
jus sanguinis
states that the person shall acquire the citizenship of the place where he or she was born. The place of birth shall determine one’s nationality,
and the citizenship of his or her parents is immaterial
jus soli
Here in the Philippines, we adhere to the ___, as outlined
in Section 1 (2) of the aforementioned Constitutional provision.
jus sanguinis principle
need not perform any act to acquire such citizenship
Natural-born citizens
pertains to a “judicial act of adopting a
foreigner and clothing him with the privileges of a native-born citizen.
naturalization process
can be formed and influenced not only by culture and society but also by the nation and its government, to which the Filipino citizen owes loyalty and allegiance.
Filipino identity
may also be a factor in forming a national identity. How much one identifies with a nation or government affects one’s political self- concept and further promotes or discourages one’s engagement in the country’s civic and political affairs
Common citizenship
may also be forged through nationalistic sentiments shared among inhabitants of a particular territory.
national identity
argued that Filipinos have a relatively weak sense of nationalism, thereby
resulting in a fragmented national identity.
Kaufman (2013)
suggests that a shared language as a
unifying part of a culture strengthens a national identity.
Gellner’s modernist approach (1983)
– views a
nation as “a named and self-defined human community whose members
cultivate shared myths, memories, symbols, values, and traditions, reside in andidentify with a historic homeland, create and disseminate a distinctive public culture, and observe shared customs and common laws”
ethno-symbolist approach of Anthony Smith (1998,2009)
posits that national identity emerges from social interactions between governing elites and citizens, where the former affords protection and
security to the latter in exchange for government benefits
The sociological approach of Charles Tilly (2005) and Andreas
Wimmer (2002)
is creating a divide among Filipinos,
thus making it more difficult for them to create a unified identity.
The diversity of language (dialects) in the Philippines, or possibly the lack
of a dominant primary language,
also tends
to blur a common national history due to conflicting accounts of the revolution and independence of our country from its colonizers.
absence of a consistently powerful historical narrative
as briefly discussed and applied by Kaufman (2013) in the Philippine context, suggest that aunified sense of national identity also affects how a person perceives and creates his own identity.
nationalism theories
which refers to a shared inner self
kapwa
Filipino values and psychology are centered around the concept of
kapwa
3 Main Value Orientations Resulted in the Core Value of Kapwa
- Filipinos love to connect, especially with people.
- Filipinos like to experience the multidimensional wholeness of life.
- Filipinos are highly participatory
As a result, it’s common to see multiple generations or families living together. This emphasis on family is also evident in the high level of care nurses and caregivers.
The Filipino community emphasizes the family, with children typically remaining in their parents’ homes until they get married
Despite frequent natural calamities, Filipinos are encouraged to remain optimistic and find the silver lining in difficult situations.
Humor and positivity are also important traits in Filipino culture.
which reflects a belief in a higher power and the submission of
one’s fate to uncontrollable elements.
“bahala na”
are also important traits in Filipino culture.
Humor and positivity
are deeply ingrained in Filipino culture, with Catholicism and Islam having a significant influence.
Religion and spirituality
plays a big role in society and shapes the values and principles of many Filipinos.
Religion
is known for being warm and welcoming.
Filipino hospitality
typically
provide food, entertainment, and local tours to their guests.
host
are often
given pasalubong, or souvenirs, to take home as a token of appreciation.
Guests
is a core value in Filipino culture.
“Bayanihan, or community spirit,”
is a harmful perspective on competition that discourages others from taking opportunities and even tries to destroy their
reputation.
Crab Mentality”
It sabotages others to be the only one at the top. Rather than being supportive, Filipinos should see others’ achievements as inspiration to reach their own goals and understand that everyone’s success contributes to the betterment of the country.
Crab Mentality”
is a behavior that slows down
progress in the Philippines.
Procrastination, or the “Mañana Habit,”
This can be seen in the many government projects left unfinished. Similarly, many individuals delay starting tasks until the deadline, which often results in poverty for years. If these projects had been completed on time, many Filipinos would have benefited.
Procrastination, or the “Mañana Habit,”
habit is a destructive behavior in
which people leave outcomes to chance rather than taking action to achieve their
goals.
“Bahala na” or “come what may”
This can be seen in students who spend more time playing computer games than studying, hoping to pass through luck rather than hard work. It is important to understand that faith alone is not enough to achieve success and that work is necessary to accomplish one’s goals.
exams
“Bahala na” or “come what may”
is a negative trait that contradicts the
Philippines’ claimed values of morality.
Hypocrisy, or being two-faced,
Many Filipinos try to live up to traditional societal standards but cannot do so perfectly. This can lead to a double standard, in which people condemn others for failing to meet standards they do not follow.
Hypocrisy, or being two-faced,
is a behavior in which people enthusiastically start projects
or ideas but quickly lose interest and fail to finish them. This trait can be a
significant barrier to progress in the Philippines.
“Ningas cogon”
, is a negative trait associated with being late for events and activities.
“Filipino Time,”or tardiness
This behavior can cause conflicts and discourage participation in productive
activities.
“Filipino Time,” or tardiness
is a behavior in which Filipinos talk about other people’s lives, often causing side damage to relationships and reputations.
Gossiping
This trait is not limited to women and can be just as harmful when practiced by
men.
Gossiping
shows irresponsibility and destroys teamwork
Blaming others for mistakes
This behavior is especially harmful when practiced by public officials, as it can hinder progress in disaster relief and other critical situations.
Blaming others for mistakes
is the physical being that responds to stimuli and communicates with the surroundings
body
comprises the emotions and thoughts of a person,
soul
is the intangible aspect that communicates with deities in the spiritual realm
spirit
teaches us the value of a higher being who develops in us our morality and conscience.
Religion
Human beings are incomplete without
spirit
When you examine the lives of the
most influential people who have ever
walked among us, you discover one
thread that winds through them all.
They have been aligned first with their
spiritual nature and only then with their physical selves.”
Albert einstein
Etymologically, the Latin word religare means to bind together.
religion
Refers to the beliefs and behaviors related to supernatural beings and
powers
religion
It is narrower than a worldview or cosmology, which is a culture’s
understanding of how the universe came into being, why it is the way it is,
and the place of people in it. It also differs from spirituality, which is
concerned with the sacred in an individual manner
religion
are people who practice a religion.
Adherents
defined personal religion
as the “feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider divine.
William James
the degree by which one is affiliated with an organized religion in terms of the person’s participation in the prescribed rituals and practices, connection with its beliefs, and involvement with its community of believers
Religiousness –
according to Tylor, a belief that a soul or spirit inhabits all living objects, including plants, animals, and even minerals.
animism,
– shared religion binds people closely together
Stability and cohesion
shared religion gives people an identity and social membership.
Social identity –
– religion unites people
Collective conscience
– religion represents the value system of the society
Socialization and social control
In the face of death, disease, and the hazards of everyday living, people
are vulnerable to all kinds of disasters beyond their control. Religious beliefs
offer people comfort in times of crisis.
Meaning and purpose–
It is the institution which gives people the strength to continue and
promote the long-term maintenance of society as a result.
Meaning and purpose–
It involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society. It could also be related to a search for the sacred.
SPIRITUALITY
’ may signify a person, an object, a principle, or a concept that transcends the self. It can include a divine being or a divine object that is ‘set apart’ and considered holy or beyond the ordinary.
sacred
This term refers to the persistent sense of self that addresses ultimate
questions about the nature, purpose, and meaning of life.
SPIRITUAL IDENTITY
is considered the higher self, the inner self, and a person’s
true being that is greatly influenced by a spiritual deity
spiritual self
practices increase positive emotions,
which may yield positive consequences for life
satisfaction.
Meditation
“everything can be taken from a man”
Viktor E. Frankl
remains best known for his
indispensable 1946 psychological memoir Man’s Search for Meaning (public library)
Viktor E. Frankl
a meditation on what the gruesome experience of Auschwitz taught him about the primary purpose of life: the quest for meaning, which
sustained those who survived.
Man’s Search for Meaning (public library)
It tells the story of how he survived the Holocaust by finding personal meaning in the experience, which gave him the will to live through it.
Man’s Search for Meaning (public library)
From the Greek word ‘logos’ (reason or meaning)
Logotherapy
Developed by neurologist and psychiatrist VIKTOR FRANKL (1950s) and considered the “Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy”
Logotherapy
founded on belief – that is
striving to find a meaning in one’s life
Logotherapy
This principle emphasizes that despite the person’s wealth, status, or gender, he should discover meaning in life events and circumstances.
Meaning in life
man should see existence as experiencing life’s ups and downs
Meaning in life
The meaning that one attaches to experience is not obvious.
Will to meaning
People are given the freedom to make life choices which includes how they
respond to life events. People can discover meaning through the values that they attach to things connected with their lives. Values can be creative, experiential, and attitudinal.
Freedom to will
a work or doing a deed
by creating
something or
encountering someone
by experiencing
people take toward
unavoidable suffering and that
“everything can be taken from a man
but one thing
by the attitude
The psychological condition in which a person doubts, whether life has any
meaning. This new neurosis is characterized by a loss of interest and a lack of initiative.
EXISTENTIAL VACUU
Thus the individual relies mainly upon the actions of others and neglects the
meaning of his personal life
Viktor E. Frankl
engage in practices that can help reduce levels of stress
spiritual people
are more likely to help the poor through donations or volunteer work.
spiritual people
cope with stress through meditation rather than overeating or engaging in unhealthy coping behaviors.
Spiritually active people
provide benefits, such as focus to decrease pain and depression
together with improved health and happiness.
Meditations
people choose to spend quality time with family, and they feel a
strong sense of belonging to a community of like-minded people.
Religious
spiritual people have a
very high regard for prayer
is not a simple subject for
experiential study
Spirituality
It is a complex system that requires serious and dedicated effort.
Spirituality
We are not required to strictly follow a set of beliefs overnight.
Start small and make new habits easy
It is a matter of perspective. Decide to start and continue with your spiritual journey. Begin with self-love.
Commit
Just keep on doing and progressing. Human beings must continually practice mindful attention to their thoughts, emotions and behaviors to find experiences in spirituality.
Practice
Explore and relate with others’ experiences of spirituality, whether through religion or personal journeys. Seek advice and guidance from people who have been through the same path.
Study
Commit to loving and respecting yourself above all else, then do it with others.
Choose love and respect
is a process and it is progressive.
Spiritual journey
is a process and it is progressive.
Spiritual journey
