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BUHAY DENTISTA > DNA replication > Flashcards

DNA replication Flashcards

1
Q

Polymer consisting of deoxyribonucleoside
monophosphates covalently linked by

A

3’,5’-
phosphodiester bonds

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2
Q

(proteins with a
high content of arginine and lysine),

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE ACID

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3
Q

Located in the nucleus in eukaryotes and in the
nucleoid region of the cytosol in prokaryotes

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE ACID

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4
Q

Eukaryotic DNA is tightly bound to basic proteins called

A

histones

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5
Q

The process of disrupting the double helix is called

A

denaturation

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6
Q

The two strands are

A

antiparallel

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7
Q

are highly repetitive sequences (TG-rich) at the
end of chromosomes

A

Telomeres

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8
Q

__ of cellular DNA is in mitochondria

A

1%

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9
Q

Biggest among the RNA

A

MESSENGER RNA (MRNA)

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10
Q

Copies genetic information from DNA and serves as the
template for protein synthesis

A

MESSENGER RNA (MRNA)

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11
Q

Methylguanosine cap at the 5’-end
* Poly (A) tail at the 3’-end

A

Methylguanosine cap at the 5’-end
* Poly (A) tail at the 3’-end

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12
Q

Contribute to the formation and function of ribosomes, which act as
the site for protein synthesis

A

RIBOSOMAL RNA (RRNA)

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13
Q

Most abundant RNA

A

RIBOSOMAL RNA (RRNA)`

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14
Q

are cleaved and modified by ribonucleases and
endonucleases to generate the required RNA species

A

Pre-rRNAs

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15
Q

Prokaryotes have 50S and 30S subunits, made up of 3 types of
rRNA:

Eukaryotes have 60S and 40S subunits, made up of four types
of cytosolic rRNA:

A

16S, 23S, and 5S

18S, 28S, 5S, 5.8 S

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16
Q

Smallest among the RNA

A

TRANSFER RNA (TRNA)

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17
Q

Adapter molecules that translate the nucleotide sequence of
mRNA into specific amino acids

A

TRANSFER RNA (TRNA)

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18
Q

splicing post transcription

A

SMALL NUCLEAR RNA (SNRNA)

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19
Q

termed micro-RNA (miRNA),
silencing RNA (siRNA) inhibit gene expression

Long noncoding regulatory RNA (lncRNA)

A

NONCODING REGULATORY RNA

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20
Q

Occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle

A

DNA REPLICATION

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21
Q
  • Each strand serves as a template for complementary
    daughter strand
A

Semi-conservative process

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22
Q

Polymer consisting of
purine and pyrimidine
ribonucleotides linked
together by

A

3’,5’-
phosphodiester
bonds

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23
Q

The two
complementary strands of DNA that came apart. Hydrogen
bonding between individual nucleotides and the template
strands must obey the AT/GC rule.

A

Template strands or parental strands-

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24
Q
  • Two newly made strands. The base
    sequences are identical in both double-stranded molecules
    after replication.
A

Daughter strands

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25
Q

Both parental strands of DNA remain
together following DNA replication

A
  • Conservative model-
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26
Q

the original
arrangement of parental strands is completely conserved,

A
  • Conservative model-
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27
Q

The double-stranded DNA is half
conserved following the replication process.

A

Semiconservative model-

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28
Q

Proposes that segments of parental DNA
and newly made DNA are interspersed in both strands
following the replication process.

A

Dispersive model-

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29
Q

origin of Chromosomal replication, is
where DNA synthesis begins

A

Origin of replication (oriC)-

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30
Q

Three types of DNA sequences are found within oriC:

A

an AT-rich
region, DnaA box sequences, and GATC methylation sites.

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31
Q
  • site where the parental DNA strands have
    separated and new daughter strands are being made
A

Replication fork

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32
Q

The replication of the bacterial chromosome in both directions, is
an event termed

A

bidirectional replication.

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33
Q

sites within oriC are involved with
regulating DNA replication.

A

GATC methylation

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34
Q

begins with the binding of DnaA proteins to
sequences within the origin of replication known as DnaA
boxes.

A

DNA replication

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35
Q

are more easily separated at AT-rich
region.

A

DNA strands

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36
Q

Break the hydrogen bonds between base pairs
and thereby unwind the strands; this action generates positive
supercoiling ahead of each replication fork.

A

DNA helicase-

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37
Q

Travels in front of DNA helicase
and alleviates positive supercoiling.

A

Topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase)-

38
Q

Which bind to the strands of
parental DNA and prevent them from re-forming a double helix.

A

Single-strand binding proteins-

39
Q

Short strands of RNA typically 10–12
nucleotides in length. start, or prime, the process of DNA
replication.

A

RNA primers-

40
Q

Synthesize the RNA primers

41
Q
  • Leading strand- Single primer
  • Lagging strand- Multiple primers
A
  • Leading strand- Single primer
  • Lagging strand- Multiple primers
42
Q

responsible for synthesizing the DNA
along the leading and lagging strands.

A

DNA polymerase-

43
Q

Involved in normal DNA replication

A

Polymerase I and III-

44
Q

Responsible for most of DNA
replication

A

Polymerase III-

45
Q

DNA repair and replication of
damaged DNA

A

Polymerase II, IV, V-

46
Q

toward the opening of the replication
fork.

A

Leading strand-

47
Q

n away from the
replication fork.

A

Lagging strand-

48
Q

repeatedly initiate the synthesis of short segments of DNA;
the synthesis is

A

discontinuous.

49
Q

DNA fragments named after __ and ____ who initially discovered them in the late
1960s.

A

Reiji and Tsuneko Okazaki,

50
Q

the RNA primers are removed by the
action of DNA polymerase I.

A

Lagging strand-

51
Q

Catalyzes a covalent bond between adjacent
Okazaki fragments to complete the replication process in the
lagging strand

A

DNA ligase-

52
Q

DNA helicase and primase bound to each other, forming

53
Q

Perimosome and 2 DNA polymerase holoenzymes

A

Replisome-

54
Q

used to describe two DNA polymerase
holoenzymes that move as a unit during DNA replication.

A

Dimeric DNA polymerase-

55
Q

origin of replication (ori) is recognized by a group of
proteins called

A

origin recognition complex (ORC)

56
Q

unwinds the double helix, in a process that is driven
by ATP

57
Q

relieve torsional strain that results from
helicase-induced unwinding

A

Topoisomerases

58
Q

synthesizes short segments of complementary RNA
primers

59
Q

elongates the DNA strand by adding
new deoxyribonucleotides

A

DNA polymerase III

60
Q

is synthesized continuously

A

Leading strand

61
Q

consists of Okazaki fragments

A

Lagging strand

62
Q

fills the gap with deoxyribonucleotides

A

DNA polymerase I

63
Q

seals the nick by catalyzing the formation

A

DNA ligase

64
Q

E. coli
chromosome from oriC is a pair
of termination sequences,
known as

A

ter sequences.

65
Q

the nucleotide about to be attached
to the growing strand is a

A

deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate
(dNTP).

66
Q

It contains three phosphate groups attached at the
5′ carbon (C) atom of deoxyribose.

A

deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate
(dNTP).

67
Q

The dNTP first enters the catalytic site of DNA polymerase and
binds to the template strand according to the

A

AT/GC rule.

68
Q

group on the previous nucleotide
reacts with the phosphate group

A

3′ hydroxyl (—OH)

69
Q

adjacent to the
sugar on the incoming nucleotide.

A

(PO4 2−)

70
Q

The formation of this covalent bond causes the newly made
strand to

A

grow in the 5′ to 3′ direction.

71
Q

hydrogen bonding between G and C or between A and T
is much more stable

A

Stability of Base Pairing

72
Q

DNA polymerase can identify a mismatched nucleotide
and remove it from the daughter strand.

A

Proofreading

73
Q

occurs by the removal of nucleotides in the 3′
to 5′ direction at the 3′ exonuclease site.

A

Proofreading

74
Q

appears
to be substantially more complex.

A

eukaryotic DNA replication

75
Q

functions in the mitochondria to replicate
mitochondrial DNA

A

DNA polymerase γ

76
Q

are involved with DNA replication in the cell
nucleus.

A

α, ε, and δ

77
Q

is the only eukaryotic polymerase that
associates with primase.

A

DNA polymerase α

78
Q

an enzyme that removes successive nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide molecule

A

exonuclease

79
Q

is involved with leading-strand synthesis.

A

DNA polymerase ε

80
Q

is responsible for lagging-strand
synthesis.

A

DNA polymerase δ

81
Q

have the primary function of replicating DNA.

A

α (alpha), ε (epsilon), δ (delta), and γ (gamma),

82
Q

is
primarily responsible for RNA primer removal.

A

flap endonuclease

83
Q

are needed so the DNA can be replicated within
a reasonable length of time.

A

multiple origins
of replication

84
Q

refers to the telomeric sequences within the DNA
and the specific proteins that are bound to those sequences.

85
Q

cannot be replicated by DNA
polymerase because a primer cannot be made upstream from
this point.

A

The 3′ end of a DNA strand

86
Q

prevents chromosome shortening. It recognizes
the sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and
synthesizes additional repeats of telomeric sequences.

A

Telomerase-

87
Q

The RNA sequence beyond the binding site functions as a
template for the synthesis of a six-nucleotide sequence at
the end of the DNA strand.

A

Polymerization

88
Q

The RNA part of telomerase, known as __, contains a sequence complementary to
that found in the telomeric repeat sequence.

A

telomerase RNA
component (TERC)

89
Q

Telomerase then moves to the new end of the DNA strand
and attaches another six nucleotides to the end.

A

Translocation

90
Q

tend to shorten with age.

91
Q

When telomeres are too short, the cells become ____,
which means they lose their ability to divide.

BUHAY DENTISTA (57 decks)

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