CONTEMPT FINALS Flashcards
often grapple with managing migration flows, balancing the benefits and challenges it presents, and ensuring the protection and integration of migrants into their new communities.
Governments and international organizations
is the crossing of the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a certain minimum period of time.
Migration
It includes the movement of refugees, displaced persons, uprooted people, as well as economic migrants.
Migration
Refers to the process of individuals or groups of people moving from one place to another, typically with the intention of establishing a new permanent or semi-permanent residence in the destination location.
Migration
refers to the movement of people across international borders for the purpose of settling, temporarily or permanently, in a new location.
Global migration
occurs when individuals choose to move to another country or region primarily for economic, educational, or personal reasons.
Voluntary migration
This type of migration is often driven by the pursuit of better opportunities, such as higher-paying jobs, better living conditions, or superior educational facilities.
Voluntary migration
mga tao na napilitang lumikas mula sa kanilang sariling bansa upang makaligtas mula sa takot, karahasan, digmaan,
refugees
mga tao na napilitang lumikas mula sa kanilang sariling bansa upang makaligtas mula sa epekto ng kalikasan at climate change,
environmental displacement
is a broad term that refers to any person who moves from one place to another, whether within a country or across international borders.
Migrant
specifically refers to a person who leaves their own country to live in another country.
Emigrant
refers to a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country. The term emphasizes the point of arrival and is relative to the country the person is entering.
Immigrant
Shortcut para matandaan:
Migrant: Move (lumilipat kahit saan).
Emigrant: Exit (umaalis sa bansa).
Immigrant: In (pumapasok sa bagong bansa). 😊
Migrant: Move (lumilipat kahit saan).
Emigrant: Exit (umaalis sa bansa).
Immigrant: In (pumapasok sa bagong bansa). 😊
Focuses on the country of origin (departure)
Emigrant:
Focuses on the destination country (arrival).
Immigrant:
Neutral term, does not specify departure or arrival; can refer to internal or international movement.
Migrant:
The economic recovery spurred demand for labor in sectors like healthcare, technology, and agriculture, prompting significant migration to developed countries.
Economic Migration:
proved resilient and essential for poverty reduction and development.
Remittances
Countries such as Canada, Australia, and Germany intensified efforts to attract skilled migrants to address labor shortages in critical sectors.
Global Talent Attraction
facilitated increased labor mobility within regional blocs
Intra-Regional Migration
The United States and several European countries adjusted their immigration policies, balancing humanitarian concerns with border security.
Policy Shifts in the US and Europe
The European Union continued to negotiate its migration and asylum pact, aiming to create a more coordinated approach to managing migration and sharing responsibilities among member states.
EU Migration Pact
Increased frequency and severity of natural disasters, including hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, displaced large populations.
Natural Disasters
Areas affected by desertification, drought, and other slow-onset environmental changes, such as parts of Sub-Saharan Africa and Central America, saw significant out-migration.
Slow-Onset Environmental Changes
The ongoing conflict in Ukraine resulted in a massive displacement of people, with millions seeking refuge in neighboring countries and beyond.
Ukraine Crisis
Political instability and humanitarian crises in Afghanistan continued to force people to flee, seeking asylum in nearby countries and further afield.
Afghanistan
Continued violence and persecution, particularly against the Rohingya, led to ongoing refugee movements to countries such as Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Indonesia
Myanmar
As global travel restrictions lifted, migration flows began to return to pre-pandemic levels.
Resumption of Migration Flows
As of 2023, there are approximately 281 million international migrants worldwide. This figure represents about 3.6% of the global population, indicating a steady increase in the movement of people across borders
Global Number
Seeking better job prospects and higher wages is a significant driver of global migration.
Economic Opportunities
People often move to join family members who have already settled in another country, aiming to reunite with their loved ones.
Family Reunification
Armed conflicts, civil wars, and political instability can force people to flee their home countries to seek safety and protection in other nations.
Conflict and Political Instability
civil strife, wars, and the need for asylum
- Syria
- Afghanistan
- South Sudan
- Myanmar
- Somalia
- Democratic Republic of Congo
Political
is someone who has been forced to flee their country because of persecution, war, or violence.
refugee
uch as hurricanes, floods, droughts, and other climate-related events, can displace populations and drive environmental migrants seeking more favorable living conditions.
Environmental Factors
Students and academics often migrate to other countries to pursue higher education, research opportunities, or professional development.
Education and Research
Some individuals migrate to escape oppressive regimes or cultural restrictions.
Pursuit of Freedom and Human Right
Some individuals migrate to experience a new culture, learn a new language, or pursue a different lifestyle.
Adventure and Lifestyle Change`
Some individuals migrate for better access to healthcare services, medical treatment, or to escape health crises in their home countries.
Health and Healthcare
Factors such as political stability, safety, education, healthcare, and overall quality of life can influence migration decisions
Quality of Life
Globalization has led to increased demand for skilled labor in various sectors, prompting migration of skilled workers and professionals to meet these needs.
Globalization and Labor Demand
Sociologist have long analyzed migration in terms of the \
“push – pull” model.
that drive people to leave home
push factors
that attract migrants to a new location
pull factors
are negative aspects of the sending country
Push factors
are positive aspects of the receiving country
pull factors
to the state in which all individuals, in every corner of the world, have reliable access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life.
Global food security
the condition of which everyone is able to access sufficient, safe, and nutritious food anytime.
Food Security
is the condition by which a person only has access on a regular basis
Undernourishment –
Is achieved when sufficient quantities of food are consistently available to all individuals within a country.
Food availability
Refers to the supply of food through domestic production or imports.
Food availability
Factors Influencing Food Availability:
Agricultural productivity:
Higher yields from modern farming practices.
Infrastructure:
Transportation and storage facilities that affect food distribution.
Climate conditions: Natural disasters or adverse weather can affect food supply.
Sufficient crop and livestock yields to meet the demand.
Agricultural production
Bringing in food from other regions or countries to meet the local shortfall.
Imports
Storage facilities and buffer stocks to manage food supply in times of shortage.
Food reserves
Is ensured when households and all individuals within them have adequate resources to obtain appropriate food for a nutritional diet.
Food access
Refers to the economic and physical access to food.
Food Access
This dimension emphasizes that even when food is available, it must be affordable and reachable for individuals and communities.
Food Access
Is the proper biological use of food, requiring a diet providing sufficient energy and essential nutrients, potable water, and adequate sanitation.
Food utilization
Factors Influencing Food Utilization:
Nutritional knowledge: Understanding dietary needs and food preparation methods.
Health status: Health conditions can affect food absorption and dietary needs.
Hygiene and sanitation: Safe food handling and preparation practices are essential.
Even if food is available, people may not have the economic access to buy it. If food is available and accessible, improper utilization due to lack of nutrition knowledge or poor health may lead to malnutrition.
Stability
The capacity to endure in a relatively ongoing way across various domains of life.
Sustainability
Low inflation, stable employment, and steady economic growth.
Economic Stability
Consistent governance, rule of law, and absence of civil unrest.
Political Stability
Cohesion within communities, respect for human rights, and equitable access to resources.
Social Stability
Conservation of natural resources and ecosystems to support life and biodiversity.
Environmental Sustainability
Development that meets the needs of the present while ensuring that future generations can also meet their needs.
Environmental Sustainability
Ensuring social equity and justice, fostering community cohesion, and maintaining cultural diversity.
Social Sustainability
refers to the state in which individuals or households lack consistent access to enough safe, nutritious, and culturally appropriate food to lead a healthy and active life.
Food insecurity
food insecurity often results from limited financial resources, poor access to markets, or social and demographic factors.
Household-Level
Inflation in food prices can disproportionately affect lower-income households.
Rising Food Prices
Inability to access nutritious food leads to malnutrition, particularly among children and the elderly.
Health Issues and Malnutrition
particularly in marginalized or rural areas, face collective food security challenges that stem from economic, social, and environmental factors.
Community-Level
can limit access to markets, making food both scarce and expensive.
Lack of Infrastructure
Climate change, deforestation, and overfarming can degrade land and water resources, reducing agricultural productivity and leading to food scarcity in entire communities.
Environmental Degradation
face systemic barriers to food security due to land dispossession, lack of political representation, or exclusion from economic opportunities
Social Inequality and Marginalization
food insecurity is often the result of larger structural issues, including political instability, economic crises, and climate-related challenges.
Country-Level
Countries with high levels of economic inequality often have unequal food distribution.
Economic Inequality and Underdevelopment
There are 17 SDGs, each with specific targets, that focus on achieving social, economic, and environmental sustainability worldwide.
The Goals of Global Sustainable Development,
were adopted by all United Nations member states in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.
The Goals of Global Sustainable Development,
End poverty in all its forms everywhere, ensuring social protection and access to economic resources.
No Poverty
End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.
Zero Hunger
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
Good Health and Well-being
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
Quality Education
Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
Gender Equality
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
Clean Water and Sanitation
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
Affordable and Clean Energy
Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all.
Decent Work and Economic Growth
is the concept of recognizing oneself as a part of the global community, with shared rights, responsibilities, and a commitment to contribute to a more peaceful, inclusive, and sustainable world.
Global Citizenship
any lawful social, or moral principle of autonomy or entitlement.
Rights
an obligation or expectation to perform an action based on the law, social norms, or a moral standard.
Duty
how residents live in a particular area with previously agreed upon rights and responsibilities
Citizenship
Involves fair treatment and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and rights for all people
Social Justice
is the duty of individuals to participate actively in their community and society, both locally and globally. For global citizens, this means engaging in actions that promote the common good and address global issues.
Civic Responsibility
This fundamental civil right ensures that individuals have the liberty to express their thoughts, opinions, and ideas without fear of censorship or retribution from the government or other authorities.
example of civil rights is freedom of speech
are administrative entitlements provided by a specific government. These include the run for office.
Political rights
also known as the right to stand for election, grants individuals the opportunity to seek positions in government and represent the interests of their constituents.
example of political rights is the right to run for public office.
are entitlements related to public services and to social protection. These include insurance, health care, welfare, housing, and pensions.
Social rights
is a fundamental social right that ensures all individuals have access to quality education without discrimination
right to education
also known as mandatory military service or the draft pertains to the obligation to register as a reserve force in the army.
Conscription
This means that every able-bodied citizen is asked to take up arms and fight for their country in case of war.
Conscription
is the process by which a government or authority levies and collects funds from individuals, businesses, or other entities within its jurisdiction.
Taxation
is a direct tax imposed on an individual’s earnings or income.
Income tax
is a tax levied on the profits of businesses and corporations.
Corporate tax
is a consumption tax applied to the purchase of goods and services
Sales tax or VAT
is assessed on the value of real estate, including land and buildings
Property tax
are levied on specific goods, often those that are considered socially or environmentally harmful, such as alcohol, tobacco, gasoline, and luxury items.
Excise taxes
efers to the obligation to take part in the community.
Participation
often engage in advocacy and activism to raise awareness about human rights violations around the world
Global citizens
is a form of global participation
environmental activism
engage in actions to promote justice, human rights, and democratic values worldwide.
Description
recognize their responsibility to help others, regardless of nationality or borders.
Moral or ethical global citizens
are committed to understanding and respecting the diversity of cultures.
Cultural global citizens
the practice of meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own.
Sustainability
is about preserving the natural world for the long-term health and survival of the planet and its inhabitants.
Environmental sustainability
This pillar focuses on maintaining the balance of ecosystems by limiting human impact.
Environmental sustainability
is critical for curbing climate change and preserving biodiversity.
Environmental sustainability
focuses on creating societies that are equitable, inclusive, and supportive of human well-being
Social sustainability
This pillar emphasizes the need for social equity and the fair distribution of resources to all community members.
Social sustainability
addresses social inequities and the well-being of communities, especially vulnerable populations.
Social sustainability
is about ensuring that resources are used efficiently and responsibly to create lasting economic benefits and avoid long-term deficits.
Economic sustainability
aims for growth that does not harm the environment or society.
Economic sustainability
is essential for addressing issues like poverty and unemployment while encouraging investment in sustainable practices
Economic sustainability
The future unfolds as an extension of current trends and systems without significant disruptions or transformative changes.
Continuity
A dystopian future characterized by societal breakdown, environmental collapse, and widespread violence.
Barbarization
transformative future built on sustainability, equity, and collective well-being.
Great Transitions
seeks to nurture knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values needed to achieve and sustain peace.
Peace education
Recognizing equality and inherent dignity of every person.
Promoting Human Dignity
Teaching conflict resolution without resorting to violence.
Cultivating Nonviolence
Emphasizing teamwork and collective problem-solving.
Fostering Cooperation
Linking peace with environmental and social justice.
Sustainability and Social Justice
Impact of Individual Differences:
Positive:
>Promotes empathy and conflict resolution.
>Encourages diverse perspectives, leading to creative solutions.
Challenges:
Biases and prejudices can lead to mistrust
Impact of Group Differences:
Positive:
>Cultural diversity enriches society and promotes mutual respect.
> Collective efforts can mobilize peace initiatives.
Challenges:
Ethnocentrism and resource competition can exacerbate conflicts.
Conflict is a necessary and inevitable part of society, leading to growth and reform
Functionalist Theory
Conflicts arise when groups compete for limited resources, but resolving these conflicts fosters collaboration.
Realistic Conflict Theory
Focuses on addressing underlying social issues, using conflict as an opportunity for systemic change.
Transformative Conflict Theory
aims to equip individuals and communities with the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values necessary to promote peace, address conflicts constructively, and prevent violence, including terrorism
Global peace education
is the unlawful use of violence or intimidation, often against civilians, to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives
Terrorism
This involves teaching about tolerance, justice, human rights, and global citizenship while addressing the root causes of terrorism.
Global peace education
Poverty, inequality, and lack of education can make individuals vulnerable to radicalization.
Addressing Root Causes of Terrorism
Helps individuals resist propaganda and extremist ideologies by fostering critical analysis.
Promoting Critical Thinking
Reduces stereotypes and prejudices between different cultural, religious, and ethnic groups.
Fostering Intercultural Understanding
