MMW FINALS

Question 1

Arrangement of raw data into class
intervals and frequency

Answer 1

Frequency Distribution Table

Question 2

either nominal or ordinal level of
measurement

Answer 2

Qualitative Data

Question 3

Vertical bars that have no gaps
because of class boundaries

Answer 3

Histogram

Question 4

Five-number summary

Minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile,
maximum

Answer 4

Box-and-Whisker Plot

Question 5

Used when there are extreme values in the dataset,

Answer 5

Outliers

Question 6

utliers lie beyond the ranges of values and can be determined by using:

Answer 6

lower quartile – 1.5IQR
upper quartile + 1.5IQR

Question 7

presents the score values and their frequency of occurrence. When presented in a table, the score values are listed in rank order, with the lowest score value usually at the bottom of the table.

Answer 7

frequency distribution

Question 8

The steps for constructing a frequency
distribution of grouped scores are as
follows:

Answer 8

1. Find the range of the scores.
   Range = Highest Score – Lowest Score
2. Determine the tentative number of classes (K).
   𝐾 =1+[3.322(log 𝑁 )]
3. Determine the width of each class interval (i).
   𝑖= 𝑅
   𝐾
4. List the interval, placing the interval containing the lowest score
   value at the bottom.
5. Tally the raw scores into the appropriate class intervals.
6. Add the tallies for each interval to obtain the interval frequency.

Question 9

Displays data by using bars of equal
width on a grid. The bars may be vertical or horizontal. Bar graphs are used for comparisons.

Displays a bar for each category with
the length of each bar representing the frequency of that category.

Answer 9

Bar Graph

Question 10

ordered from
highest to lowest
frequency.

Answer 10

A Pareto Chart

Question 11

to show how data represent
portions of one whole or
one group.

Answer 11

Circle Graph (Pie Chart)

Question 12

Notice that each sector is
represented by %

Answer 12

Circle Graph (Pie Chart)

Question 13

joined by line segments to
show trends over
time.

Answer 13

Broken Line Graph

Question 14

which points on
the line between the plotted
points also have meaning.
Sometimes, this is a “best fit”
graph where a straight line is
drawn to fit the data points.

Answer 14

Continuous Line Graph

Question 15

Notice that the
independent variable is
on the x-axis, & the
dependent is on the y-
axis.

Answer 15

Continuous Line Graph

Question 16

Uses pictures and
symbols to display data;
each picture or symbol
can represent more than
one object; a key tells
what each picture
represents.

Answer 16

Pictograph

Question 17

A graph of data that is a set of points.

Answer 17

Scatter Plot

Question 18

IQR (Interquartile Range)

Answer 18

Q1 – Lower Quartile
Q3 – Upper Quartile

Question 19

A value that “lies outside” (is much smaller or larger than) most of the other values in a set of data

Answer 19

outlier

Question 20

One way to determine if a data point is an outlier is to use the interquartile range (IQR) method.

Answer 20

Lower Boundary : Q1 – 1.5 IQR
Upper Boundary : Q3 + 1.5 IQR

Question 21

formula Variance

Answer 21

S2 =
Where:
x – scores
- mean
n – number of samples

Question 22

formula Standard Deviation

Answer 22

S =
Where:
x – scores
- mean
n – number of samples

Question 23

The variance can be found by following these four steps

Answer 23

1. Find the mean.
   2.Subtract the mean from
   each of the five
   samples/observations.
2. Squaring these deviations
   from the mean
3. Taking the average of these
   squared deviations.

Question 24

These are unit-less and are used
when one wishes to compare
the scatter of one distribution
with another distribution.

Answer 24

Measures of Relative Dispersion

Question 25

It measures how many standard deviation is above or below the mean.

Answer 25

Standard Score

Question 26

It is computed as and the sample counterpart is

Answer 26

Standard Score

Question 27

occurs when the values of variables appear at regular frequencies and often the mean, median, and mode all occur at the same point. If a line were drawn dissecting the middle of the graph, it would reveal two sides that mirror one other.

Answer 27

symmetrical distribution

Question 28

lack of symmetry can be right skewed distribution or left skewed distribution

Answer 28

asymmetric distribution

Question 29

is a measure or a criterion on how asymmetric the distribution of data is from the mean.

Answer 29

Skewness

Question 30

is a method developed by Karl Pearson to find skewness in a sample using descriptive statistics like the mean and mode.

Answer 30

Pearson Coefficient of skewness

Question 31

Symmetrical distribution and mode occur when the values of variables occur at regular frequencies and the mean, median at the same point

Answer 31

Symmetrical distribution

Question 32

(or right-skewed) distribution is a type of distribution in which most values are clustered around the left tail of the distribution while the right tail of the distribution is longer

Answer 32

a positively skewed

Question 33

is a type of distribution in which more values are concentrated on the right side (tail) of the distribution graph while the left tail of the distribution graph is longer.

Answer 33

Negatively skewed

Question 34

is a measure of whether the data are heavy- tailed or light-tailed relative to a normal distribution

Answer 34

Kurtosis

Question 35

data sets with high kurtosis Data sets with low kurtosis

Answer 35

tend to have heavy tails, or outliers tend to have light tails, or lack of outliers.

Question 36

indicates a positive excess kurtosis. The leptokurtic distribution shows heavy tails on either side, indicating large outliers.

Answer 36

Leptokurtic

Question 37

shows a negative excess kurtosis.

Answer 37

platykurtic distribution

Question 38

reveals a distribution with flat tails

Answer 38

kurtosis

Question 39

The characteristic of a frequency distribution that ascertains its symmetry about the mean is called.

Answer 39

skewness

Question 40

means the relative pointedness of the standard bell curve, defined by the frequency distribution.

Answer 40

Kurtosis

Question 41

is a measure of the degree of lopsidedness in the frequency distribution.

Answer 41

Skewness

Question 42

is a measure of degree of tailedness in the frequency distribution

Answer 42

kurtosis

Question 43

is an indicator of lack of symmetry, i.e. both left and right sides of the curve are unequal, with respect to the central point.

Answer 43

Skewness

Question 44

As against this,___ is a measure of data, that is either peaked or flat, with respect to the probability distribution.

Answer 44

kurtosis

Question 45

Continuous probability distribution * Uses interval or ratio level of measur

Answer 45

Normal Distribution (z-distribution)

Question 46

Normal Distribution is a unique arrangement of values in that if the values are graphed, the curve takes a distinct bell-shaped and symmetrical form.

Answer 46

Normal Distributio

Question 47

CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Answer 47

1. The curve is continuous. 2. The curve is bell-shaped. 3. The curve is symmetrical about the mean. 4. The mean, median, and mode are located at the center of the distribution and are equal to each other. 5. The curve is unimodal. 6. The curve never touches the x-axis (asymptote). 7. The total area under the normal curve is equal to 1.

Question 48

Is a point in the distribution such that is a given number of cases is below it. Is a measure of relative standing. It is a descriptive measure of the relationship of a measurement to the rest of the data.

Answer 48

PERCENTILES

Question 49

He was an influential English mathematician and biostatician.

Answer 49

Karl Pearson (1857-1936)

Question 50

It is a statistical method used to determine whether a relationship between two variables exists. It also measure of the direction and strength of linear relationship between two variables. Direction maybe positive, negative or zero.

Answer 50

Correlation

Question 51

3 Types of Correlation

Answer 51

Positive correlation Negative correlation Zero correlation

Question 52

exists when high values of one variable correspond to high values in the other variable or low values in one variable correspond to low values in the other variable.

Answer 52

positive correlation

Question 53

exist when high values of one variable correspond to low values in the other variable or low values in one variable correspond to high values in the other variable

Answer 53

negative correlation

Question 54

exists when high values in one variable correspond to either high or low values in the other variable.

Answer 54

zero correlation

Question 55

can be perfect, strong or high, moderate, low, zero or no correlation.

Answer 55

Strength

Question 56

A _ used to show how each point collected from a set of bivariate data are scattered on the Cartesian plane

Answer 56

scatter plot (or scatter diagram) i

Question 57

It gives a good visual picture between the two variables. It is a graphical representation of the relationship between two variables.

Answer 57

scatter plot

Question 58

The most widely used in statistics to measure the degree of the relationship between the linear related variables.

Answer 58

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation

Question 59

The _ would require both variables to be normally distributed

Answer 59

Pearson r correlation

Question 60

observed the value against their frequency

Answer 60

histogram

Question 61

observed values against normally distributed data

Answer 61

q-q probability plots

Question 62

if the data is normally distributed, the points in a q-q plot will lie on a straight diagonal line

Answer 62

q-q probability plots

Question 63

are typically not very useful when the sample size is small.

Answer 63

Graphical methods

Question 64

One of the most popular tests for normality assumption diagnostics which has good properties of power and is based on correlation within given observations and associated normal scores

Answer 64

Shapiro-Wilk Test (Numerical method)

Question 65

The sample data follows a normal distribution

Answer 65

Ha: alternative hypothesis.

Question 66

The sample data does not follow a normal distribution.

Answer 66

Ho: null hypothesis

Question 67

When we are testing normality

Answer 67

* If P-value is greater than the alpha, it means that the data are normal. * If P-value is less than the alpha, it means that the data are NOT normal.

Question 68

correlation coefficient and strength of relationships

Answer 68

0.00 no correlation, no relationship ±0.01 to ±0.20 very low correlation, almost negligible relationship ±0.21 to ±0.40 slight correlation, definite but small relationship ±0.41 to ±0.70 moderate correlation, substantial relationship ±0.71 to ±0.90 high correlation, marked relationship ±0.91 to ±0.99 very high correlation, very dependable relationship ±1.00 perfect correlation, perfect relationship

Question 69

To identify if there is a significant relationship between.

Answer 69

* Step 1. State the null and alternative hypotheses. * Step 2. Determine the value of alpha. * Step 3. Identify the test statistics. * Step 4. Determine the degrees of freedom, computed t-value, and critical t-value. * Step 5. If the computed t is greater than or equal to the critical value of t then reject the null hypothesis. If the computed t is less than the critical value of t then accept the null hypothesis. * Step 6. Formulate your conclusion and interpretation

Question 70

if there is a significant relationship between two set of scores.

Answer 70

t-test

Question 71

This tells us how much of dependent variable () is due to or can be attributed to independent variable This is denoted as r^2.

Answer 71

Coefficient of Determination

Question 72

is one type of fee paid for the use of money

Answer 72

Simple interest

Question 73

the percentage charged or earned

Answer 73

rate of interest

Question 74

the amount of money borrowed or invested

Answer 74

principal

Question 75

money is borrowed or invested (in years)

Answer 75

time

Question 76

amount formula

Answer 76

P + I = A

Question 77

formula for Rate of Interest

Answer 77

p+I= after that, substitute from the both side

Question 78

It is calculated on the principal amount and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods, and can thus be regarded as “interest on interest”.

Answer 78

Compound Interest

Question 79

compounding frequency: annually semi annually quarterly monthly

Answer 79

number of compounding periods: 1 2 4 12