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BUHAY DENTISTA > prelim lesson 4 cell part 2 > Flashcards

prelim lesson 4 cell part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosome means: chroma - __; some - __

A

color; body

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2
Q

seen during metaphase stage of mitosis

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

in 1875 discovered thread-like structures which appeared during cell division.

A

E. Strasburger

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4
Q

coined the term chromosome first time in 1888.

A

Waldeyer

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5
Q

is found in somatic cell and is represented by __

A

somatic chromosome number; 2n (Diploid).

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6
Q

is half of the somatic chromosome
numbers and represented by ___

A

gametic chromosome number; n (Haploid).

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7
Q

The two copies of chromosome are ordinarily identical in morphology,
gene content and gene order, they are known as

A

homologues chromosomes.

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8
Q

that control characters other than sex characters or carry
genes for somatic characters.

A

Autosomes

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9
Q

(2N where N- chromosome number) have two homologous copies of each chromosome.

A

Diploid cells

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10
Q

body cells of animals are.

A

diploid

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11
Q

(N) have only one copy of each chromosome.

A
  • Haploid cells
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12
Q

(the shorter of the two)

(the longer).

A

p

q

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13
Q

is the most suitable stage for studies on chromosome morphology.

A

Mitotic metaphase

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14
Q

Chromosomes are thin, coiled, elastic, thread-like structures during the

A

interphase

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15
Q

Each metaphase chromosome appears to be longitudinally divided into two identical parts each of which is called

A

chromatid

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16
Q

Both the chromatids of a chromosome appear to be joined together at a
point known as

A

centromere

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17
Q

the two chromatids making up a chromosome are produced
through replication of a single chromatid during synthesis (S) phase of interphase, they are referred to as

A

sister chromatids

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18
Q

the chromatids of homologous chromosomes are known as

A

non-sister chromatids

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19
Q

Each chromosome has a constriction
point called the

A

centromere

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20
Q

which divides the
chromosome into two sections or arms.

A

Kinetochore

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21
Q

The p arm is named for “__” meaning “__”;

A

petite; small

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22
Q

the q arm is named __
because it follows p in the alphabet.

A

q simply

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23
Q

The two ends of a chromosome
are known as

A

telomeres,

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24
Q

Useful in identifying a
chromosome from a set.

A

SECONDARY CONSTRICTION

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25
Q

between
the secondary constriction and
nearest telomere and chromosomes
that possess this region called as

A

satellite chromosome or sat
chromosome.

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26
Q

A small chromosomal segment
separated from the main body of the
chromosome by a secondary
constriction is called

A

Satellite.

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27
Q

the longest and thinnest during interphase
(resting stage) and hence not visible under light microscope.

A

chromosomes

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28
Q

is NOT proportional to the number of genes present
on the chromosome.

A

Chromosome size

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29
Q

Chromosomes are classified according
to the centromere position:

A
  • At one end: Acrocentric
  • Closer to one end: Submetacentric
  • Middle: Metacentric
  • Terminal: Telocentric
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30
Q

midway
between each end and thereby two
arms are roughly equal in length.

A

centromere

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31
Q

take V
shape during anaphase.

A

Metacentric chromosome

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32
Q

is located on one side
of the central point of a
chromosome.

A

Submetacentric Chromosome

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33
Q

submacentric chromosome may
be___or ___ during anaphase.

A

J or L shaped

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34
Q

`close to
one end of chromosomes.

A

Acrocentric Chromosome

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35
Q

(The “acro-“ in acrocentric
refers to the Greek word for “___”).

A

peak

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36
Q

is so short that is
hard to observe, but still present.

A

p (short) arm

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37
Q

may be
rod shape during anaphase.

A

Acrocentric chromosome

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38
Q

(at terminal part of chromosome)

A

Telocentric Chromosome

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39
Q

MEMORIZE!
* Acentric: without any centromere
* Mono centric: with one
centromere
* Dicentric : with two centromeres
* Polycentric: with more than two
centromeres

A

MEMORIZE!
* Acentric: without any centromere
* Mono centric: with one
centromere
* Dicentric : with two centromeres
* Polycentric: with more than two
centromeres

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40
Q

The DNA double helix in the cell
nucleus is packaged by special
proteins termed

A

histones

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41
Q

The formed protein/DNA complex is
called

A

chromatin.

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42
Q

The structural entity of chromatin is
the

A

nucleosome

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43
Q

Basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes

A

NUCLEOSOME

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44
Q

147 base pairs of DNA wrapped in
1.67 left-handed superhelical turns

A

NUCLEOSOME

45
Q

Transcriptionally inactive

A

HETEROCHROMATIN

46
Q

Often (but not always) under active transcription

A

EUCHROMATIN

47
Q

Regular sequence of events
that produce new cells.

A

CELL CYCLE

48
Q

Pre-requisite stage before a cell
undergoes mitosis

A

INTERPHASE

49
Q

This phase is where the cell spends
most of its time, specifically 20 hours
a day.

A

INTERPHASE

50
Q

Where the cell grows and functions normally

A

GAP 1 PHASE (G1)

51
Q

Not considered to be part of interphase

A

GAP 0 PHASE (G0)

52
Q

Cell cycle activities may be temporarily or permanently
suspended

A

GAP 0 PHASE (G0)

53
Q

can occur in S phase.

A

Genetic Mutation:

54
Q

makes DNA strands linear, straight, long, uncoiled,
thin, and not condensed.

55
Q

makes DNA strands coiled, crumpled, and condensed to avoid unnecessary replication/duplication

A

PROTAMINE:

56
Q

Is linear, a higher concentration of Histone, in contrary to
that of Protamine, is observed.

57
Q

Period of preparation for mitosis

A

interphase

58
Q

CDK-1 means?

A

cyclin derived kinase-1

59
Q

cell division cycle expressed gene;

60
Q

pre-MPF

A

pre-maturation promoting factors

61
Q

Karyokinesis came from two Greek words: _____ and
___;

Mitosis came from __ (thread: pertaining to chromatin) and ___ (process/condition/status).

A

Karyon(nucleus);Kinesis (movement)

Mitos;Osis

62
Q

is defined as the nuclear division of
biological cells.

A

karyokinesis-mitosis

63
Q

Period of cell division

64
Q

first phase of mitosis,

65
Q

The complex of DNA and
proteins contained in the
nucleus,

66
Q

increases making the DNA strands of the cell start to condense, to contract, and to coil (identifier that the cell is at
prophase stage).

A

Protamine concentration

67
Q

the cell proceeds to which occurs before metaphase.

A

Prometaphase:

68
Q

chromosomes
condense and move
together, aligning in the
center of the dividing cell.

69
Q

The process that separates
the duplicated genetic
material carried in the
nucleus of a parent cell into
two identical daughter
cells.

70
Q

Each daughter cell
receives half of all doubled
chromosome material and thus
maintains the same number of
chromosomes as the mother
cell.

71
Q

Indirect process required by Mitosis; Condition of cytoplasm division.

A

CYTOKINESIS

72
Q

The cell division that takes place in the germ cells to generate
male and female gametes,

73
Q

The cells produced are HAPLOID,

74
Q
  • Came from two Greek words: __ (to reduce, to diminish,
    a lessening) and Osis (process/condition/status);
75
Q

Each of the PMAT of meiosis is intervened by a real resting stage called ____ which lasts for 2 to
3 hours.

A

INTERKINESIS

76
Q

increase in histone
concentration.

A

Leptotene/Leptonema

77
Q

synapsis of
homologous chromosomes

A

Zygotene/Zygonema

78
Q

would result to a crossing over or
an exchange of genetic material
between the maternal and paternal
homologous chromosomes

A

Pachytene/Pachynema

79
Q

sub-stage where the egg cell
will stop dividing for the first
time.

A

Diplotene/Dictyate

80
Q

This is
the movement or
parting of two
strands.

A

Diakinesis

81
Q

The daughter cell that
receives little amount of
cytoplasm is called

A

a polar body and dies via atresia

82
Q

Has a similar process as mitosis.

A

MEIOSIS II

83
Q

the characteristic of the genetic material and end progeny are
halved and doubled, respectively.

A

MEIOSIS II

84
Q

MEMORIZE!
*Before M1 – parent cell is diploid (44
chromosomes + 2 allosomes)

*After M1 – daughter cells are haploid (22 chromosomes + 1 allosome)

*Interkinesis

*After M2 – daughter cells are haploid
(22chromatids + 1⁄2 allosome)

A

MEMORIZE!
*Before M1 – parent cell is diploid (44
chromosomes + 2 allosomes)

*After M1 – daughter cells are haploid (22 chromosomes + 1 allosome)

*Interkinesis

*After M2 – daughter cells are haploid
(22chromatids + 1⁄2 allosome)

85
Q

is a cell division that produces two diploid cells

86
Q

involves two cell divisions and produce 4 haploid cells

87
Q

Process of generating female
seed

88
Q

Process starts from the 5th month of gestation to up to 44
years of age

89
Q

From the Greek words
* -___ meaning a process or a
condition or a status
* -___ meaning female seed
* -___ meaning to come
up with or to produce

A

osis

osis

genan

90
Q

34-35 days to complete PGCs come from epiblasts that fail to undergo gastrulation (the process by which epiblasts differentiate into the three different germ layers, the ectoderm, endoderm and the mesoderm)

A

Oocytogenesis

91
Q

is required to overcome the first arrest state and to resume meiosis I

92
Q

happens regularly monthly for regularly menstruating
females

93
Q

Process of expulsion or extrusion of maturing egg cells
from the flesh of the ovary to the Fallopian tube’s ampulla
through the stigma

94
Q

Starts at age 9 and ends at 44

95
Q

Last cellular checkpoint if egg cell achieved full maturation

A

Fertilization

96
Q

Requires only 74 days for each cycle

A

SPERMATOGENESIS

97
Q

No arrest, progeny of spermatid

A

Meiosis II

98
Q

13 days to 22 days because of arrest state

A

Spermatidogenesis

99
Q
  • process takes 4 days
A

Spermatocytogenesis

100
Q
  • Spermatid to sperm like and 13.5 days
A

Spermiogenesis

101
Q
  • Immature, immotile,incapableof fertilization
A

Spermiation

102
Q

Act of releasing mature, motile, but incapable of fertilization sperm cells

A

Ejaculation

103
Q

Period of conditioning

A

Capacitation

104
Q

Nourish the PGC from 3rd week to year 10

A

SERTOLI CELLS

105
Q

Participate in the blood-testis barrier

A

SERTOLI CELLS

106
Q

Synthesis of androgen-binding protein

A

SERTOLI CELLS

107
Q

Synthesis of inhibin

Synthesis of anti-Mullerian Hormone or Mullerian
inhibitin substance

A

SERTOLI CELLS

108
Q

testosterone/androgen as early as 8th week of gestation;

A

LEYDIG CELLS

BUHAY DENTISTA (37 decks)

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