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BUHAY DENTISTA > GENETICS(cell part 2) > Flashcards

GENETICS(cell part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosome means:

A

chroma - color; some - body

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2
Q

seen during metaphase stage of mitosis

A

Chromosome

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3
Q

in 1875 discovered thread-like structures which appeared during cell division.

A

E. Strasburger

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4
Q

coined the term chromosome first time in 1888.

A

Waldeyer

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5
Q

is the number of chromosomes
found in somatic cell and is represented by 2n (Diploid).

A

somatic chromosome number

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6
Q

half of the somatic chromosome
numbers and represented by n (Haploid).

A

gametic chromosome number

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7
Q

The two copies of chromosome are ordinarily identical in morphology,
gene content and gene order, they are known as

A

homologues chromosomes.

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8
Q

that control characters other than sex characters or carry genes for somatic characters.

A

Autosomes

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9
Q

Chromosomes involved in sex
determination.

A

Sex chromosomes (Gonosomes)

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10
Q

Humans and most other mammals have two sex chromosomes X &
Y, also

A

heterosome

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11
Q

body cells of animals are

A

diploid.

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12
Q

have only one copy of each chromosome.

A

haploid cell

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13
Q

have two homologous copies of each chromosome.

A

diploid cell

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14
Q

normally measured at mitotic
metaphase

A

size of chromosome

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15
Q

Each chromosome has two arms

A

p (the shorter of the two) and q (the longer).

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16
Q

usually observed at anaphase, when the position of primary constriction (centromere) determines chromosome
shape.

A

Chromosome shape

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17
Q

can be terminal, sub-terminal or
median in position.

A

constriction or centromere

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18
Q

Diploid organisms have two copies of each chromosome (except

A

sex chromosomes

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19
Q

is the most suitable stage for studies on chromosome morphology.

A

Mitotic metaphase

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20
Q

Chromosomes are thin, coiled, elastic, thread-like structures during the

A

interphase

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21
Q

longitudinally divided
into two identical parts each of which

A

chromatid

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22
Q

Both the chromatids of a chromosome appear to be joined together at a
point known

A

centromere.

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23
Q

separate from each other
during mitotic anaphase

A

two chromatids of chromosome

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24
Q

the chromatids of homologous chromosomes are known as

A

non-sister chromatids

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25
Q

Each chromosome has a constriction
point called the

A

centromere

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26
Q

, which divides the
chromosome into two sections or arms.

A

Kinetochore

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27
Q

The p arm is named for ___ meaning”small”;

A

“petite”

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28
Q

The two ends of a chromosome
are known

A

telomeres

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29
Q

they play critical roles in chromosome
replication and maintenance of
chromosomal length.

A

telomeres

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30
Q

The telomeric region of
chromosome is made up of
repetitive sequence of

A

t and g bases

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31
Q

Useful in identifying a
chromosome from a set.

A

SECONDARY CONSTRICTION

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32
Q

The chromosomal region between
the secondary constriction and
nearest telomere and chromosomes
that possess this region called

A

satellite chromosome or sat
chromosome.

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33
Q

A small chromosomal segment
separated from the main body of the
chromosome by a secondary
constriction is called

A

Satellite

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34
Q

The chromosomes are the longest and thinnest during interphase

A

Size of the chromosome

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35
Q

smallest and thickest during mitotic
metaphase.

A

Chromosomes

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36
Q

NOT proportional to the number

A

Chromosome size

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37
Q

Chromosomes are classified according
to the centromere position:

A
  • At one end: Acrocentric
  • Closer to one end: Submetacentric
  • Middle: Metacentric
  • Terminal: Telocentric
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38
Q

midway between each end and thereby two arms are roughly equal in length.

A

Metacentric Chromosome

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39
Q

Metacentric chromosome take _during anaphase.

A

V shape

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40
Q

is located on one side
of the central point of a
chromosome.

A

Submetacentric Chromosome

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41
Q

Submetacentric chromosome may
be__shaped during anaphase.

A

J or L shape

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42
Q

located close to one end of chromosomes.

A

Acrocentric Chromosome

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43
Q

(The “acro-“ in acrocentric
refers to the Greek word for

A

“peak”

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44
Q

arm is so short that is
hard to observe, but still present.

A

p (short)

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45
Q

Acrocentric chromosome may be
__ during anaphase.

A

rod shape

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46
Q

located at one end of chromosome (at
terminal part of chromosome)

A

Telocentric Chromosome

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47
Q

Telocentic chromosome may
be ____ during
anaphase.

A

rod shape

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48
Q
  • Acentric: without any centromere
  • Mono centric: with one
    centromere
  • Dicentric : with two centromeres
  • Polycentric: with more than two
    centromeres
A
  • Acentric: without any centromere
  • Mono centric: with one
    centromere
  • Dicentric : with two centromeres
  • Polycentric: with more than two
    centromeres
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49
Q

The DNA double helix in the cell
nucleus is packaged by special
proteins termed

A

histones.

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50
Q

The formed protein/DNA complex is
called

A

chromatin.

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51
Q

The structural entity of chromatin is
the

A

nucleosome

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52
Q

The DNA + Histone =

A

Chromatin

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53
Q

Histone can be grouped into
five major classes:

A

H1/H5,H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

54
Q

These are organized into two
super-classes as follows:

A
  • Core histones – H2A,
    H2B, H3 and H4
  • Linker histones – H1 and
    H5
55
Q

Basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes

A

nucleosome

56
Q

Transcriptionally inactive

A

heterochromatin

57
Q

Often (but not always) under active transcription

A

euchromatin

58
Q

Regular sequence of events
that produce new cells.

A

cell cyle

59
Q

4 distinct phases:

A
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
60
Q

Pre-requisite stage before a cell
undergoes mitosis

A

INTERPHASE

61
Q

This phase is where the cell spends
most of its time, specifically 20 hours
a day.

A

interphase

62
Q

Where the cell grows and functions normally

A

gap 1phase (g1)

63
Q

Where the cell grows and functions normally

A

gap 0 phase (g0)

64
Q

Cell cycle activities may be temporarily or permanently suspended

A

gap 0 phase (g0)

65
Q

can occur in S phase.

A

Genetic Mutation

66
Q

makes DNA strands linear, straight, long, uncoiled, thin, and not condensed.

A

HISTONE:

67
Q

makes DNA strands coiled, crumpled, and condensed to avoid unnecessary replication/duplication

A

PROTAMINE:

68
Q

Period of preparation for mitosis

A

gap 2 phase (g2)

69
Q

cyclin derived kinase-1

A

CDK-1

70
Q

cell division cycle expressed gene;

A

CDC-2

71
Q

pre-maturation promoting factors

A

pre-MPF

72
Q

After interphase, the cell would proceed to ___
(direct process) which is divided into four stages: PMAT

A

KARYOKINESIS – MITOSIS

73
Q

Karyokinesis came from two Greek words:

A

Karyon (nucleus) and
Kinesis (movement);

74
Q

Mitosis came from greek word

A

Mitos (thread: pertaining to
chromatin) and Osis (process/condition/status).

75
Q

Period of cell division

A

mitosis

76
Q

The first phase of mitosis,

A

prophase

77
Q

increases making the DNA strands of the cell start to condense, to contract,

A

Protamine concentration

78
Q

stage which occurs before metaphase.

A

prometaphase

79
Q

chromosomes
condense and move
together, aligning in the
center of the dividing cell.

A

metaphase

80
Q

Each is attached by
____ extending from the centromere to the centriole,
forming the ____

A

microtubules, mitotic spindle.

81
Q

separates
the duplicated genetic
material carried in the
nucleus of a parent cell into
two identical daughter

A

anaphase

82
Q

Each daughter cell
receives half of all doubled
chromosome material and thus
maintains the same number of
chromosomes as the mother
cell.

A

telophase

83
Q

Indirect process required by Mitosis; Condition of cytoplasm division.

A

cytokinesis

84
Q

is identical and
equal of the parent cell.

A

chromosomal configuration of the daughter cells

85
Q

+ 2 X allosomes.

A

female

86
Q

+ 1 X and 1 Y allosomes

A

male

87
Q

The cell division that takes place in the germ cells to generate
male and female gametes, sperm and egg cells, respectively.

A

meiosis

88
Q

The cells produced are HAPLOID,

A

meiosis

89
Q

to
reduce the number of chromosomes to the haploid number of
23.

A

meiosis I and meiosis II,

90
Q

meiosis Came from two Greek words:

A

Meion (to reduce, to diminish,
a lessening) and Osis (process/condition/status);

91
Q

two sets of PMAT are required in
this process:

A

Meiosis I (M1) and Meiosis II (M2)

92
Q

Each of the PMAT of meiosis is intervened by a real
resting stage called

A

interkinesis

93
Q

which lasts for 2 to
3 hours.

A

interkinesis

94
Q

chromosomes are
long, thin, uncoiled, and
non- contracted due to
an increase in histone
concentration.

A

Leptotene/Leptonema

95
Q

synapsis of
homologous chromosomes

A

Zygotene/Zygonema-

96
Q

which would result to a crossing over or an exchange of genetic material
between the maternal and paternal
homologous chromosomes

A

Pachytene/Pachynema-

97
Q

where the egg cell
will stop dividing for the first
time.

A

Diplotene/Dictyate-

98
Q

This is
the movement or
parting of two
strands.

A

Diakinesis-

99
Q

The daughter cell that
receives little amount of
cytoplasm is called a

A

polar body

100
Q

Has a similar process as mitosis.

A

meoisis ii

101
Q

parent cell is diploid (44
chromosomes + 2 allosomes)

A

before m1

102
Q

daughter cells are haploid (22
chromosomes + 1 allosome)

A

after m1

103
Q

is a cell division that produces two diploid cells

A

mitosis

104
Q

produce 4 haploid cells

A

meiosis

105
Q

Process of generating female
seed

A

oogenesis

106
Q

Process starts from the 5
the month of gestation to up to 44
years of age

A

oogenesis

107
Q

3 different germ layers

A

ectoderm
, endoderm
mesoderm)

108
Q

do not undergo lyonization, retain active X

A

Primordial Germ Cell (PGC)

109
Q

start to multiply via mitosis from the 7
th week of gestation to the 5th month

A

Oogonium

110
Q

The last set of oogania during the 5
th month will give rise to

A

primary oocyte

111
Q

is required to overcome the first arrest state and to
resume meiosis I

A

Puberty

112
Q

regularly monthly for regularly menstruating
females

A

OVULATION

113
Q

Starts at age 9 and ends at 44

A

ovulation

114
Q

3 region of the fallopian tube

A

Isthmus (constricted)
Ampulla (dilated)
Infundibulum with fimbrae (terminal)-

115
Q
  • most common site of fertilization and most common site of
    ectopic pregnancy
A

Ampulla (dilated)

116
Q

the most common site of ectopic
pregnancy)

A

Infundibulum with fimbrae (terminal)-

117
Q

Requires only 74 days for each cycle

A

spermatogenesis

118
Q

Conversion commences at age 10 (onset of puberty)

A

spermatogenesis

119
Q

13 days to 22 days because of arrest state

A

spermatidogenesis

120
Q

primary spermatocyte enter first and last arrest during prolonged prophase I, dictyate stage (stays in arrest
for 22 days)

A

meiosis 1

121
Q

13.5 days and Spermatid to sperm like

A

spermiogenesis

122
Q

Immature, immotile,incapableof fertilization

A

spermiation

123
Q

Act of releasing mature, motile, but incapable of fertilization sperm cells

A

ejaculation

124
Q

Period of conditioning

A

capacitation

125
Q

Nourish the PGC from 3rd week to year 10

A

sertoli ceels

126
Q

Participate in the blood-testis barrier

A

sertoli cells

127
Q

Synthesis of androgen-binding protein

A

sertoli cells

128
Q

Synthesis of anti-Mullerian Hormone or Mullerian inhibitin substance

A

sertoli cells

129
Q

Synthesize and secrete
testosterone/androge n as early as 8th week of gestation;

A

leydig cell

130
Q
A

BUHAY DENTISTA (22 decks)

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