prelim genetics lesson 2 intro to gen Flashcards
Derived from the Greek root “Gen” which means “to __” or “to__”.
become or grow into
Branch of biology concerned with the
study of inheritance
study of inheritance,
genetics
Why family members look alike
GENETICS
Why some diseases like diabetes or cancer run in families.
GENETICS
What makes you unique, or one of a kind.
GENETICS
proposed the theory that a
moist vapor descends from the brain,
Pythagoras (500 B.C)
proposed the theory that
each parent produces ‘a semen’ which
arises directly from various parts of the body.
Empedocles
thought that the semen of men has some “Vitalizing” effect and he considered it as the highly purified blood.
Aristotle
According to him the mother furnishes
inert matter and the father gives the life- giving power, “dynamic” to the new life
Aristotle
He believed that inheritance was conveyed via the blood
Aristotle
The PREFORMATION theory was proposed by two Dutch biologists,
Swammerdam and Bonnet (1720-
1793).
This theory states that a miniature human called “homunculus ” was already preformed in the egg and sperm.
PREFORMATION THEORY
The development of zygote
resulted only in the growth of a miniature human who was already present in the egg and sperm.
However, this theory was rejected because this could
not be proved scientifically.
THEORY OF EPIGENETICS was proposed by ___ a German biologist and it states that egg or sperm cells do not contain miniature human
Wolff (1738- 1794),
gametes contained undifferentiated living substance capable of forming the organized body after fertilization. This proposition was called as
epigenetic concept
THEORY OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS This concept was proposed by ____ a French biologist.
Lamarck (1744-1829)
new character once
acquired by an individual shall pass on
to its progeny.
Lamarck
This theory was disproved by __.He cut the tail of mice for successive generations and always got the baby mice with tail. Thus, this theory was rejected .
Weismann; THEORY OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS
This theory THEORY OF PANGENES was proposed by __, an English naturalist.
Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
According to him, each part of the animal body produces a minute copy of its own, called
gemmule or pangene
theory of pangenesis is also known as
the “___”.
theory of blending inheritance
He developed the theory of natural
selection,
Charles Darwin
the idea that members of a
population who are better adapted to their environment will be the ones most likely to survive and pass their traits on to the next generation.
theory of natural selection
On the Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection
(1859)
This theory GERMPLASM THEORY was advocated by ____ a German biologist.
August Weismann (1834-1914),
According to this theory, organism’s body contains two types of cells namely
somatic cells and reproductive cells.
The somatic cell form the ___ and its various organ systems, while the reproductive cells form __ and ___.
body , sperm and ova.
somatic cells contain
the___ and reproductive cells contain the___
“somatoplasm” ; “germplasm”.
Changes in the somatic cells
(somatoplasm), which were caused by the environment, cannot influence the
germplasm and hence acquired characters are not inherited
GERMPLASM THEORY
Before Mendel’s experiment and ideas,
Genetics was
PRE-MENDELIAN EXPERIMENTS, poorly understood
conducted experiments on pea much before Mendel but failed to formulate the laws of inheritance because he could not use the mathematics to his results.
Knight (1779)
a German botanist performed
hybridization experiments in tobacco and compared the hybrids
with their parents. He demonstrated that the hybrids may resemble
one or the other parent or may be intermediate between them. He
also showed that both the parents make equal contributions to the
hybrids.
J. Kolreuter (1733-1806),
done experiments
similar to Kolreuter and they observed the similar results. However
they could not apply mathematics to their results.
Gartner and Naudin
developed the understanding
genetics by experimenting garden peas (Pisum sativum).
Gregor Mendel
Father of Modern Genetics
Gregor Mendel
Austrian biologist, meteorologist, and
Augustinian Priest
Gregor Mendel
wherein he showed that “factors of
inheritance” are transferred from parents to offspring.
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel conducted carefully designed experiments with nearly ____ pea plants (Pisum sativum)
30,000
because they are easy to grow, easy to
artificially hybridize (self-pollinating
plants),
pea plants (Pisum sativum)
has a short life cycle, with
many offsprings in a single cross, and
the presence of contrasting traits
(alleles), and his use of pure breeds
(homozygous pure lines).
pea plants (Pisum sativum)
- According to Mendel, genetic material of organisms exist in pairs
(____) and segregate during gamete formation.
alleles
are responsible for
observable characteristics
genotype
as result of fertilization.
phenotype
A string of complex molecules called
nucleotides
It contains the genetic information of life and acts as a set of instructions for how to build and maintain you.
dna
DNA is found in the heart of almost
every human cell, in an area called the
nucleus
is unique, unless you’re an
identical twin.
DNA
A short section of DNA
GENE
Scientists think our genetic code
contains around
23,000 genes
Genes are instructions that our
cells use to make molecules
called
proteins
To strengthen them and keep them safe DNA is looped and coiled into a structure called a
chromosome
are formed before cells divide.
Chromosomes
An organism’s complete set of DNA
GENOME
An individual
inherits two alleles for
each gene, one from
each parent.
ALLELES
the set of genes in
our DNA which is responsible for a
particular trait.
GENOTYPE
physical
expression, or characteristics, of
that trait.
PHENOTYPE
PP and pp are alleles of the pea
plant flower color.
GENOTYPE
PP is for purple flowers, pp is for
white flowers.
PP is for purple flowers, pp is for
white flowers.
An organism that has the same two
copies of a gene is considered
HOMOZYGOUS
An organism that has different
copies of a gene
HETEROZYGOUS
Denoted by using
capital letters.
Example traits: Dark hair, Curly hair,
Baldness, Widow’s peak, Freckles, Right
handedness
DOMINANT
expressed and overrules
the recessive gene.
DOMINANT
Denoted by using lower case letter.
* Example traits: Blonde or red hair,
Straight hair, Straight hairline, Round
eyes, Left handedness, Blue eyes
RECESSIVE
Basic principles of genetics which is the transmission of genetic material from one generation to the other.
TRANSMISSION GENETICS/ CLASSICAL GENETICS
Focuses on individual organisms and emphasize the relationship between
chromosomes and heredity,
TRANSMISSION GENETICS/ CLASSICAL GENETICS
- Study on the chemical nature (structure and function) of genes.
MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS
Emphasize on how genetic information is encoded, replicated and processed.
The cellular processes of transcription and translation gene regulation, the
process that controls the expression of genetic information.
MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS
Study of behavior and effects of genes in population, often using mathematical
models
POPULATION AND BIOMETRICAL GENETICS
Focuses on the group of genes found in a population and emphasizes on how genetic composition of a group changes over time. This can include quantitative genetics and ecological genetics
POPULATION AND BIOMETRICAL GENETICS
Studies the influence of varying genetics on animal behavior, the effects of human disorders as well as its causes; has yielded some very interesting questions
BEHAVIORAL GENETICS
Diagnosis, treatment, and counseling of patients with genetic disorders or
syndromes
CLINICAL GENETICS
6 application of genetics
- TRANSGENICS
- AGRICULTURE
- INDUSTRY
- FORENSIC SCIENCE
- HEALTH AND MEDICAL
- ENVIRONMENT
Refers to an organism or cell
whose genome has been altered
by the introduction of one or
more foreign DNA sequences
from another species by artificial
means.
TRANSGENIC
Provide some synthetically
produced raw materials for
industries
INDUSTRY
- Genetic fingerprinting
- Forensic of crime scene
- Detection of mother and father of fetus
FORENSIC SCIENCES
- Involves mating two members of a species each of whom
possesses one or more different and desirable traits in order to
create a hybrid individual possessing both traits.
Classical animal and plant breeding
- Chromosomal abnormalities
- Production of vaccines, antibodies,
vitamins, insulin - Gene therapy
- Fetus designing
Accurate diagnosis of diseases
HEALTH AND MEDICAL
Does not involve any direct manipulation of genetic material;
therefore, are classified as
non-genetically modified (non-GMO).
Involves using enzymes and various laboratory techniques to
manipulate and isolate DNA segments of interest.
Recombinant DNA technology
has
been successfully applied to make important proteins used in the
treatment of human diseases, such as insulin and growth hormone.
Recombinant DNA technology
mutate the DNA in a way that
stops the gene’s expression permanently.
Gene knockout
damage specific genes, making
them non-functional.
Gene knockout
Increase understanding of how diseases occur.
Stem cells
Generate healthy cells to replace cells affected by disease
(regenerative medicine).
Stem cells
Test new drugs for safety and effectiveness.
Stem cells
– an organism that is a
product of genetic engineering.
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
Any organism that has the genetic material from
some other organism.
Transgenic
vehicle for transferring the recombinant DNA (altered
genetic material) into the organism of interest. Ex. Plasmid and
Viruses
Vector
a circular DNA usually found in bacteria and yeast,
commonly used for genetic engineering.
Plasmid
Genetic engineering, sometimes called
genetic modification,
is
the process of altering the DNA in an organism’s genome using
biotechnology tools or techniques.
Genetic Engineering
Human gene that encodes for insulin
production were inserted to a bacterial
___ (circular DNA) using enzymes
to form the_____
plasmid; recombinant DNA
CRISPR means?
“Clustered Regularly Interspaced
Short Palindromic Repeats”
is a gene-editing
technology that targets specific
stretches of genetic code and edit
DNA at precise locations.
“CRISPR-Cas9”
is guided with specific guide
RNA to cut at points around specific
target where new gene can be
inserted.
Cas9
is a new type of rice
that contains beta carotene
(provitamin A, a plant pigment that
the body converts into vitamin A as
needed).
Golden Rice
is the first cloned
sheep using nuclear transfer, by
transferring the nucleus from an adult
mammary gland cell into an
unfertilized premature egg.
Dolly the sheep
- Dolly is named after the country
singer, - Dolly the sheep died at the age of
Dolly Parton; 6
