prelim genetixs lesson 5

Question 1

THE FATHER OF GENETICS

Answer 1

Gregor Johann Mendel

Question 2

• Born in 1822
• Now remembered as a pioneer of
  genetics

Answer 2

Gregor Johann Mendel

Question 3

In 1856, began his historic
studies on pea plants.

Answer 3

Gregor Johann Mendel

Question 4

For 8 years, he grew and crossed
thousands of pea plants in a small 23- by 115-foot garden.

Answer 4

Gregor Johann Mendel

Question 5

He published his work, entitled
Experiments on Plant Hybrids, in 1866.

Answer 5

Gregor Johann Mendel

Question 6

When two
distinct individuals with different
characteristics are bred to each other

Answer 6

Cross/hybridization

Question 7

Offspring out of hybridization

Answer 7

Hybrid

Question 8

The pollen and
eggs are derived from the SAME
plant.

Answer 8

Self-fertilization

Question 9

Pollen from
one plant be placed on the stigma
of another plant. Crosses between
DIFFERENT plants.

Answer 9

Cross-fertilization

Question 10

General characteristics of an organism

Answer 10

Characters

Question 11

Describe the specific properties of character

Answer 11

Trait or Variant

Question 12

A trait DOES NOT vary in appearance from generation to generation

Answer 12

Breeding true-

Question 13

A variety that
continues to produce the same trait after several generations
of self-fertilization

Answer 13

True-breeding strain or true-breeding line

Question 14

a cross in
which an experimenter observes
one character.

Answer 14

Single factor cross

Question 15

a cross between
two parents with different
variants for a given character
produces single-character
hybrids

Answer 15

Monohybrids

Question 16

True breeding parents that differ
in character.

Answer 16

Parental generations or P generation-

Question 17

Crossing true-breeding parents to each other

Answer 17

P-cross-

Question 18

Latin: Filus- Son, offspring of the P
generation. Shows the trait of one parent but not the other.

Answer 18

F1 generation (First filial generation)-

Question 19

Offspring of the F1 generation
that was allowed to self-fertilize.

Answer 19

F2 generation (Second filial generation)-

Question 20

one trait is prevalent than the other trait.

Answer 20

Dominant

Question 21

masked by the presence of a dominant trait but reappears in
subsequent generations

Answer 21

Recessive

Question 22

Mendel referred to the genetic determinants as unit factors, but we now call them

Answer 22

genes

Question 23

in which the genetic determinants that govern traits are inherited as discrete units that remain unchanged as they are passed from parent to offspring.

Answer 23

Particulate theory of inheritance

Question 24

from each other during the process that gives rise to gametes.

Answer 24

Genes segregate

Question 25

unit heredity that may influence the outcome of an organism’s traits.

Answer 25

Genes-

Question 26

Latin: Alius- other, refers to an alternative form of a particular gene.

Answer 26

Allele-

Question 27

* Homozygous- Home-like, Zygo- pair, Heterozygous- Hetero-different-

Answer 27

* Homozygous- Home-like, Zygo- pair, Heterozygous- Hetero-different-

Question 28

is consistent with the law of segregation

Answer 28

Mendel’s 3:1 ratio

Question 29

An easy way to predict the outcome of simple genetic crosses and self-fertilization experiments

Answer 29

PUNNETT SQUARES

Question 30

Predict the types of offspring

Answer 30

PUNNETT SQUARES

Question 31

British geneticist

Answer 31

Reginald Punnett

Question 32

step by step PUNNETT SQUARES

Answer 32

STEP 1 * Write down the genotypes of both parents STEP 2 * Write down the possible gametes that each parent can make. STEP 3 * Create an empty Punnett square. STEP 4 * Fill in the possible genotypes of the offspring by combining the alleles of the gametes STEP 5 * Determine the relative proportions of genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

Question 33

are TT, Tt, and tt in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Answer 33

Genotypes

Question 34

is 3:1, or 3 tall plants : 1 dwarf plant.

Answer 34

Phenotypes

Question 35

a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two trait

Answer 35

Dihybrid-

Question 36

The inheritance of two different characters within the same groups of individuals

Answer 36

Two-factor crosse

Question 37

Two genes always stay associated with each other. The alleles of the same gene are not linked

Answer 37

Linked assortment

Question 38

Two different genes randomly segregate into haploid cells

Answer 38

Independent assortment

Question 39

combination of traits were not found in the true-breeding of the parental generation. Contradicts the linkage model.

Answer 39

Non-parentals-

Question 40

When an offspring receives a combination of alleles that differs from those in the parental generation

Answer 40

Genetic recombination

Question 41

between two individuals that are heterozygous for three different traits. Ratio 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1

Answer 41

Trihybrid

Question 42

we can simply use the product rule and multiply these three combinations together

Answer 42

Multiplication method-

Question 43

the genetic proportions are determined by multiplying together the probabilities of each phenotype

Answer 43

Forked-line method

Question 44

charts representing family relationships.

Answer 44

Pedigrees

Question 45

aimed at determining the type of inheritance pattern that a gene follows.

Answer 45

Pedigree analysis

Question 46

Each generation is given a roman numeral designation

Answer 46

PEDIGREES

Question 47

Individuals within the same generation are numbered from left to right.

Answer 47

PEDIGREES

Question 48

affected individuals are depicted by filled symbols that distinguish them from unaffected individuals.

Answer 48

PEDIGREES

Question 49

Vertical lines connect each succeeding generation.

Answer 49

PEDIGREES