USMLE Rx: Week of 12/04/16 Flashcards
Intussusception usually presents with what on physical exam?
A palpable mass
What three things treat Crigler-Najar?
Plasmapheresis
Phototherapy
Phenobarbital (which increases liver enzymes)
What parts of the GI tract arise from the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?
Foregut: esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
Midgut: ileum, jejunum, right half of transverse colon
Hindgut: let half of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
It follows the vasculature: fore = celiac trunk; mid = SMA; hind = IMA.
Which nutrient can pass through the apical layer of the intestine via simple diffusion?
Free fatty acids
Otherwise asymptomatic bleeding in a child is often ______________.
from Meckel’s diverticulum
EDTA can chelate __________.
lead (in cases of poisoning)
Taking calcium carbonate (an OTC antacid) can lead to _____________.
milk-alkali syndrome, in which a patient has metabolic alkalosis and renal insufficiency
How does amantadine help with flu prophylaxis?
It prevents the viral uncoating of virions.
Think of a manatee in a straight jacket – unable to take its coat off.
What are Merkel’s and Ruffini free ends?
Both are open, branched ends of nerves, but the Ruffini nerves are found only in the soles of the feet.
What is the presentation of cyanide poisoning?
Often occurring from house fires, cyanide toxicity damages the electron-transport chain. This causes tissues to fail to take up oxygen and rely on anaerobic respiration. Blood looks extra red (in the retina) due to excessively oxygenated blood. People feel short of breath even when their oxygen saturation is high.
Which nerve root innervates the muscle tugged in a diagnostic test for appendicitis?
The lumbar plexus and the femoral nerve
Primary herpes infection often presents with _____________. What side effects does the main treatment for this have?
myalgias, fever, and dysuria; treat with acyclovir, which can cause renal toxicity
Describe why fructose intolerance is a problem.
In fructose intolerance, fructose is able to be trapped inside cells but it cannot be utilized. Thus, it accumulates in cells, particularly hepatocytes, and damages them. Importantly, unutilized fructose will use phosphate and prevent the liver from releasing glycogen; this will lead to hypoglycemia between meals.
True or false: children have to eat baby food to learn they have fructose intolerance.
False. Formula also contains fructose (in the form of sucrose) and can also trigger symptoms.
Describe the diagnostic features of HIV testing.
First you need to do an ELISA. This test has a high false-positive rate, so it is important to follow up a positive result with a Western blot. If that, too, is positive, then due a viral quantification and CD4 count to determine therapy course.
