Pathoma: Growth Adaptations, Cell Injury, and Cell Death Flashcards
Organs will often change in size in response to _________.
increase in stress, decrease in stress, or change in the quality of stress
The increase in cell size, hypertrophy, occurs by ________.
gene activation resulting in increased protein synthesis; for example, cells must have more cytoskeletal filaments and organelles if they are to become bigger
Hyperplasia usually involves _____ cells.
stem
The uterus increases in size (during pregnancy) by _______.
hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells and hyperplasia of endometrial cells
What are the three permanent tissues in the body?
Cardiac myocytes, nerves, and skeletal muscles
The endometrium undergoes hyperplasia by exposure to _____ and atrophy by exposure to ______.
estrogen; progesterone
Benign prostatic hyperplasia does not ______.
increase risk for cancer (exception to the rule that hyperplasia often leads to neoplasia)
Atrophy is _______.
a decrease in the size and number of cells
Decrease in cell size occurs by ________.
ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular organelles
Metaplasia mostly occurs in _______.
surface epithelium
What are the three main types of epithelium?
Squamous, columnar, and transitional
Barrett esophagus is a metaplasia in which the squamous epithelium of the esophagus changes to ________.
nonciliated, mucinous columnar epithelium (either gastric or intestinal)
Explain the mechanism of metaplasia.
Stressors trigger changes in the stem cells of epithelial tissue; metaplasia can often be reversed by treatment of the underlying stressor.
Metaplasia can lead to _______.
carcinogenesis, with the major exception of apocrine metaplasia; breast cells can change to apocrine cells, but this does not increase the risk of breast cancer
Vitamin A deficiency increases the risk of ______.
night blindness
Explain the pathology of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia.
APML occurs by a 15;17 translocation; this activates the retinoic acid receptor, which halts the cells in the promyelocytic state; thus this is treatable with vitamin A.
The conjunctiva require _____ to develop into their specialized epithelium. Without it, the conjunctival epithelium undergoes metaplasia ________.
vitamin A; from columnar/goblet cell to keratinizing squamous cell
What is the classic example of mesenchymal metaplasia?
Myositis ossificans, in which stressed skeletal muscle undergoes metaplasia to bone. (This is often confused with osteosarcoma, but it is distinct by its discontinuity with adjacent bone.)
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is an example of _______.
dysplasia (in this case, precancerous)
Is dysplasia reversible?
Yes! With removal of the underlying stress. It is irreversible if it progresses to carcinoma.
Aplasia refers to ________.
failure to develop something during embryogenesis (such as unilateral renal agenesis)
Hypoplasia is a decrease in growth during development, resulting in a small organ. Name a classic example.
“Streak” ovary in Turner syndrome
