USMLE Rx: Week of 06/27/16 Flashcards
What is the mechanism by which NO alleviates angina?
NO, at low doses, only dilates the veins; thus, it decreases preload and then decreases myocardial oxygen demand
Most types of kidney stones are radio-________. Cysteine is the main exception.
opaque
What kind of malignancy causes Horner syndrome?
Pancoast tumor
What antibody is found in those with myositis?
Anti-Jo-1
Another term for Heinz bodies is __________.
inclusion bodies
What is the most important prognostic factor for children with tetralogy of Fallot?
The degree of pulmonic stenosis
What drug leads to down-regulation of GnRH and thence down-regulation of FSH/LH?
Leuprolide
_________ inhibits 5-lipoxygenase.
Zileuton
What is the only antihypertensive agent that can be delivered transdermally?
Clonidine
What receptor does clonidine target?
Alpha-2
What drug is administered with methotrexate to avoid myelosuppression?
Folinic acid (a derivative of THF)
Of ACE, ARB, and loop diuretics, which are safe in pregnancy?
Only loop diuretics
Glossitis in a smoker can indicate _____________.
superior vena cava syndrome
Meningiomas will histologically demonstrate ___________.
psammomma bodies
ATP binding to myosin causes _____________.
myosin to detach from actin
What kind of lung disease does Goodpasture’s cause?
Restrictive
Fibromuscular dysplasia is the main cause of secondary hypertension in ___________.
children and young adults
What is the mnemonic for types of cancers that lead to psammoma bodies?
2PM Papillary thyroid cancer Papillary serous cystadenoca ovary Meningioma Mesothelioma
The ____________ is the most commonly fractured carpal bone.
scaphoid
Fracture of the _________ is usually not noticeable immediately after the injury, but becomes apparent with avascular necrosis later on.
scaphoid
Again, what kind of lung cancer leads to cavitation?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Leiomyosarcoma leads to what kind of cells on histologic examination?
Spindle-shaped smooth muscle cells
What bleeding disorder can affect infants born at home?
Vitamin K deficiency (because vitamin K is given to all hospital-born infants); thus, PT and PTT are extended, and bleeding time and platelets are normal
Describe the histologic presentation of Ewing’s sarcoma?
Large nuclei, scant cytoplasm, rosette formation around fibrous centers
What two things can cause renal tubular acidosis?
Failure to reabsorb bicarb (such as by acetazolamide use) or failure to secrete hydrogen ions
Acetazolamide leads to what pH disorder?
Metabolic acidosis; inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the proximal tubule leads to increased bicarb excretion
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is associated with ______-hydramnios.
poly
Adults with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAHA) are treated with ________, while children respond better to ____________.
IVIG; corticosteroids
Both ACEi and ________ can prevent diabetic nephropathy.
angiotensin-receptor blockers
Recall that direct Coombs tests use patient _________, while indirect tests use patient _________ and donor __________. Both use anti-IgG antibody.
RBCs; serum; RBCs
Prostate cancer commonly causes _________ in the bones.
osteoblastic deposition
What is Courvoisier’s sign and what does it indicate?
Enlarged gall bladder; pancreatic process
Trousseau’s sign is ________ and indicates ________.
migratory thrombophlebitis; pancreatic adenocarcinoma
The dorsal root carries the _________ neurons.
sensory (“Feel my dorsal Fin”)
Family adenomatous polyposis results from __________.
inherited mutation of the APC tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 5 (“five letters in polyp”)
Those with FAP are at increased risk of ____________ tumors.
medulloblastomas (called Turcot syndrome)
“How well a test rules out…” = __________.
sensitivity (TP / (TP + FN))
Stratified squamous epithelium in the lung indicates _________.
squamous cell carcinoma; there should only be simple squamous in the lung (in the alveoli, to be specific)
Which nerve is affected in Horner’s syndrome?
Preganglionic sympathetic
“One-carbon transfers” = ____________.
methylation reactions
“In-frame deletions” = ______________.
non-frameshift deletions
Genetically differentiate Duchenne’s and Becker’s.
Duchenne’s is a frameshift (out-of-frame deletion) and Becker is a non-frameshift (in-frame) deletion.
Because alpha-one-antitrypsin deficiency affects the liver, patients can also have __________.
coagulation disorders
Describe the features of acute intermittent porphyria.
Genetic deficiency of porphobilinogen deaminase, an enzyme needed in the heme-synthesis pathway; as a result, heme synthesis products accumulate in the blood. When the enzyme ALA is overactive (such as occurs when people take inducers like phenobarbital or have a hypoglycemic event), the blood is flooded with heme synthesis products.
Symptoms: PPPP Pain in the abdomen Port-wine urine Polyneuropathy Psychiatric distress
Which antiviral drug can cause hemolytic anemia?
Ribavirin
Post-strep syndrome causes what type of kidney disorder?
Nephritic
What is the best treatment for polymyalgia rheumatica?
Steroids
Prednisone is a glucocorticoid _________.
agonist
With positive-pressure ventilation, _______ will be reduced in zone 1.
blood flow (because the increased alveolar pressure presses on the arterioles)
“Necrotizing vasculitis” = _____________.
microscopic polyangiitis
Those with ASDs can have ______________.
embolizing strokes
What is known to increase risk of DLBCL?
Immunosuppression
What two risk factors are most associated with laryngeal carcinoma?
Smoking (the highest risk) and alcohol use
What two labs are elevated in those with sarcoidosis?
ACE levels and calcium
In areas of higher prevalence, PPV ________ and NPV ____________.
increases; decreases
Describe the layout of diaphysis, metaphysis, and epiphysis.
Diaphysis is closest to the middle of the bone; epiphysis is closest to the end of the bone; and metaphysis is in between.
Name the most common tumors of the diaphysis, metaphysis, and epiphysis.
Diaphysis: Ewing’s
Metaphysis: osteosarcoma
Epiphysis: giant cell
Increasing the amount of 2,3-BPG __________ the oxygen curve.
right-shifts (decreasing it left-shifts)
Sensitivity = _______________.
TP / (TP + FN)
__________ accumulates as brown atrophy in cells as a result of wear and tear.
Lipofuscin
Alkaline phosphatase is a marker of ___________.
bone formation
Hepatitis can cause ______________ renal failure.
prerenal (because of dilated splanchic vein and subsequent increase in RAAS
What will lymph node biopsy demonstrate in a patient with SLL/CLL?
Cells with very little cytoplasm and purple, round nuclei
