Firecracker Flashcards
What is the main association with antiphospholipid syndrome?
Recurrent miscarriages and DVTs
What do HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors do?
They decrease the synthesis of cholesterol
Lesion of the superior gluteal nerve leads to tilting of the __________ side when standing on one leg.
contralateral
Patients with DiGeorge can have _______ spells.
cyanotic
What is unique about abscesses in hyper-IgE syndrome?
They lack neutrophils
Alport syndrome is ___________ (inheritance pattern).
X-linked dominant
Chronic pyelonephritis results in what histologic pattern?
Thyroidization due to proteinaceous accumulation in the tubules
Eosinophil casts are associated with what renal disease?
Chronic pyelonephritis
Chronic kidney disease tends to progress ___________.
slowly
Other than minimal change disease, what nephrotic syndrome can lead to effacement of podocyte processes?
FSGS
What is the Haldane effect?
Increased oxygen pressure leads to increased tendency of H+ to dissociate from hemoglobin. Increased proton concentration in the pulmonary blood vessels leads to increased CO2 (by the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase), leading to exhalation of CO2.
What changes in blood pressure do the carotid sinus baroreceptors and the aortic arch baroreceptors detect?
Aortic arch: increases only
Carotid: increases and decreases
What diseases does rituximab treat? What receptor?
CD20 CLL B-cell NHL RA ITP
Where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?
From the jugular foramen! (“Vaguely juggle four men”)
What is the mechanism of the -cyclovir drugs? What viruses do they treat?
The -cyclovirs are guanosine analogues; they work against HSV
Other than the flexor carpi ulnaris, what muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?
The medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus and hand muscles (palmar and dorsal interossessei; 3rd and 4th lumbricals; hypothenar; and adductor pollicis)
What enzyme moves pyruvate into mitochondria?
Pyruvate translocase; requires ATP
What media can culture M. tuberculosis?
Lowenstein-Jensen agar
List the pharyngeal arches, their nerves, and their functions.
1st: V, muscles of mastication
2nd: Vll, facial expression muscles
3rd: IX, stylopharyngeus
4th: X, larynx
What three cardiac abnormalities are associated with Down syndrome?
VSD
ASD
AV septal defects
What compartment of the thigh is innervated by the femoral nerve?
The anterior/medial
What is the treatment for alkali poisoning?
Milk or water immediately–NPO after 30 minutes
What lab findings are suggestive of pyelonephritis?
Hematuria
Pyuria (neutrophils in the urine)
WBC casts in the urine
Leukocytosis
What kind of bacteria is Listeria monogytogenes?
Gram-positive facultative anaerobe
Dialysis can result in __________ amyloidosis.
beta-2 microglobulin
There is an enzyme that cleaves antibodies at the hinge region, leaving two identical F(ab) and one F(c) region. What is it called?
Papain
What is the lactose fermenting ability, oxygen requirement, and shape of E. coli?
+ lactose fermenter
Facultative anaerobe
Bacillus
Which immunoglobulin test will also provide patient hematocrit?
Direct, because the direct test just involves washing anti-IgG over a patient’s blood sample. Indirect tests take the patient’s plasma and insert RBCs into it along with anti-IgG.
How is amphetamine toxicity treated?
By acidifying the urine (such as with NH4Cl)
What enzyme does disulfiram inhibit?
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
The -azole drugs inhibit the fungal production of which cell-membrane constituent?
Ergosterol
Dullness on the exam of a tuberculosis patient can indicate __________.
pleural effusion
List the five most common encapsulated bacteria.
Streptococcus Neisseria Hemophilus Klebsiella Salmonella
In the G(q) pathway, what does DAG activate?
Protein kinase C
What bacterial enzyme do sulfonamides inhibit?
Dihydropteroate synthase
What are three mechanisms of bacterial resistance to sulfonamides?
Increased PABA synthesis (PABA being the substrate that competes with sulfonamides for the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase)
Decreased uptake
Mutation in dihydropteroate synthase
Which side (medial or lateral) of the meniscus is more commonly injured in acute ACLs and chronic ACLs?
Acute: lateral (like the lateral force that causes the acute ACL)
Chronic: medial
What is the function of the styloglossus muscle?
Retract and elevate the tongue
What is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in the developing world?
Kawasaki disease
What is the typical presentation for medium-chain acetyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency?
Hypoketotic hypoglycemia, vomiting, and lethargy in an ill child
What is the effect on filtration fraction in prerenal azotemia?
GFR and RBF both go down, but RBF goes down to a greater extent–leading to overall increased FF
Which virus is associated with polyarteritis nodosa?
HBV
What are the most common cytogenetic abnormalities associated with childhood ALL and adult ALL?
Childhood: t(12;21)
Adult: t(9;22)
What is the embryologic origin of the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach?
The dorsal portion of the primitive stomach grows faster than the ventral portion, resulting in the typical asymmetry.
List the three nerves of the brachial plexus and their ultimate destinations.
Lateral: musculocutaneous and median
Posterior: axillary and radial
Medial: ulnar and median
What is the gold standard for diagnosing Henoch-Schonlein purpura?
Renal biopsy demonstrating IgA deposition in the mesangium
The biceps and brachialis muscles are both innervated by the _________ nerve.
musculocutaneous
The triceps muscles are innervated by the _________ nerve.
radial
What concomitant factor increases the likelihood of tendon rupture in someone taking a fluoroquinolone?
Prednisone use
What interaction does Maraviroc inhibit?
gp120 (on a virus) binding to CCR5
What two GI infections can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome in kids?
E. coli
Shigella dysenteriae
Name three symptoms of Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.
Fever
Blisters
Erythematous rash
Individuals taking ________ can have false negative urease tests for Helicobacter pylori.
proton-pump inhibitors
What is the full name and classification of diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Gram-positive bacillus
By what mechanism does diphtheria toxin affect cells?
ADP-ribosylating exotoxin
What are some differences between endo- and exotoxins?
Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides that are released when Gram-negative bacteria die. Exotoxins are substances secreted by living bacteria.
The V/Q ratio is highest in the ________.
apex (top part of the lungs)
What innervates the opponens pollicis?
The recurrent branch of the median nerve
Other than tamoxifen, what is an estrogen receptor blocker?
Raloxifene
What is a MAC infection? What CD4 counts increase risk?
Mycobacterium avium complex; low CD4
What ligament prevents extreme inversion injuries?
The lateral ligament, which is composed of these three ligaments: calcaneofibular, anterior talofibular, and posterior talofibular
Borrelia can cause relapsing fevers by __________.
switching antigens
What are the inheritance patterns of hemophilias A, B, and C?
A (VIII) X-linked
B (IX) X-linked
C (XI) autosomal recessive
All LDLs contain the apolipoprotein __________.
B-100
Malignant cells avoid complement-lysis by upregulating ___________.
DAF
What are four clinical features of ataxia-telangiectasia?
Ocular telangiectasia
Ataxia
Recurrent sinopulmonary infections due to lack of IgA
Lymphoid tumors and leukemias
Bacteria frequently become resistant to macrolides by ______________.
post-transcriptional methylation of the 50S subunit
What kind of cells are juxtaglomerular cells?
Modified smooth-muscle cells in the afferent arteriole
Other than ANA, what autoantibodies are commonly found in those with lupus?
Anti-dsDNA
Renal oncocytomas are generally __________. They can, however, present with ___________.
benign; abdominal mass, painless hematuria, or flank pain
What disease does the CRAB mnemonic fit, and what does each letter signify?
Multiple myeloma Calcium (elevated) Renal failure Anemia Bone pains/lesions
How does hydroxyurea work?
It inhibits the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase
What artery enters the skull through the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal (a terminal branch of the external carotid)
