Pathoma: Carcinogenesis Flashcards
Hepatocellular carcinoma, in some parts of the world the most common kind of cancer, results from __________.
aflatoxins secreted by Aspergillus mold
Alcohol increases the risk of _________.
squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and esophagus as well as pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Arsenic increases the risk of ___________.
squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, angiosarcoma of the liver, and lung cancer
Those exposed to asbestos are more likely to get ______ than mesothelioma.
lung cancer
In addition to lung cancer, esophageal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer, smoking also increases your risk of _________.
kidney and bladder cancer, because the carcinogens found in cigarettes get concentrated in the urine
Two things increase the risk of angiosarcoma of the liver: _________.
vinyl chloride and arsenic
What cancers does EBV predispose you to?
Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (particularly in Chinese and African males), and CNS lymphoma in AIDS
How does nasopharyngeal present?
Often with a neck mass, because it quickly metastasizes to cervical lymph nodes
HBV and HCV raise risk of ________.
hepatocellular carcinoma
Which virus causes Kaposi sarcoma?
HHV-8
What cancers does HPV predispose women to?
Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, vagina, cervix, and anus as well as adenocarcinoma of the cervix
Ionizing radiation raises risk of _________.
AML, CML, and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
UVB is _______ radiation.
nonionizing
Herceptin’s generic name is ___________.
trastuzumab
What is done in patients with RET mutations?
Thyroidectomy, because RET is a growth factor receptor that is stimulated by thyroid-secreted hormones
What is GAP?
GTPase-associated protein, a protein that helps Ras hydrolyze GTP
What chromosomes and genes are associated with Burkitt lymphoma?
t(8;14) and c-MYC
Which chromosome is IgH on?
14
p53 and Rb are __________.
tumor suppressors
If a cell’s DNA is not ready for S phase, how does p53 induce apoptosis?
It activates BAX gene, which then destroys BCL2, leading to leakage of cytochrome C from mitochondria that activate caspase 9
Which checkpoint do p53 and Rb regulate?
G1 to S
What does E2F do?
It is a transcription factor for proteins that allow the cell to progress to S phase. It is bound to unphosphorylated Rb.
What proteins phosphorylate Rb?
Cyclin D and CDK4
Those with hereditary retinoblastoma are also at increased risk of __________.
osteosarcoma
Cancer cells usually have upregulated ______, an enzyme necessary for immortality.
telomerase
