Pathoma: Small Bowel Flashcards
Duodenal atresia is common in __________.
those with Down syndrome
How can you differentiate pyloric stenosis from duodenal atresia?
Duodenal atresia presents with bilious vomiting!
What is the double-bubble sign?
In duodenal atresia, the duodenal stub dilates and the stomach dilates, but the pylorus remains tight, leading to a double bubble on x-ray.
Embryos receive their nutrients from the ___________.
vitelline duct (“it is VITaL to have the VITeLline duct”)
What are the rules of 2 for Meckel diverticulum?
It is present in 2% of the population (most common GI malformation); it is two inches long; and it is found on the SMALL INTESTINES within two feet of the ileocecal valve.
What are the two most common locations for volvulus by age?
Young people: cecum
Elderly: sigmoid colon
Intussusception most often occurs in what direction?
The proximal edge gets dragged into the distal edge; in children, lymphoid hyperplasia acts as a catalyst, and in adults tumors do.
Marked hypotension leads to _______ ischemic damage, while ___________ leads to transmural damage.
mucosal; thrombosis
Lactose intolerance can be triggered by ___________.
GI infection
Celiac is associated with ________ (MHC).
HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8
What causes damage in celiac?
The deamidated gliadin is grabbed by APCs and shown to helper Ts which generate inflammation.
IgA deposits in the _________ to cause dermatitis herpetiformis.
dermal papillae
What is endomysium?
Lining around muscle fibers
Which part of the small intestine is most affected in celiac?
Duodenum
What infectious disorder mimics celiac?
Tropical sprue (due to an unknown organism)
Other than patient history, how can you differentiate tropical sprue and celiac?
Celiac affects duodenum
TS affects jejunum and ileum
Chylomicrons are packaged in ___________.
enterocytes
Enlarged macrophages that clog lacteals presents in ___________.
Whipple’s
Look up abetalipoproteinemia.
Got it.
The most common site of carcinoid tumors is the _________.
small bowel
Carcinoid syndrome arises when the tumor ____________.
metastasizes to the liver
What is carcinoid heart disease?
Right-sided valvular fibrosis from serotonin (leading to tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary valve stenosis)
Why doesn’t carcinoid syndrome affect the left heart?
Because the lung also has MAO and degrades the serotonin
