Pathoma: Pulmonary Hypertension and ARDS

Question 1

Atherosclerosis of the __________ can result from pulmonary hypertension.

Answer 1

trunk of the pulmonary artery

Question 2

The pulmonary arteries can get ________ in pulmonary fibrosis.

Answer 2

intimal fibrosis and smooth-muscle hypertrophy

Question 3

What are plexiform lesions?

Answer 3

“Tufts” of capillaries that grow near each other

Question 4

_________ is a common presenting symptom of pulmonary hypertension.

Answer 4

Exertional dyspnea

Question 5

What is the most common genetic defect that causes idiopathic pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 5

Inactivation of BMPR2, which leads to proliferation of smooth muscle

Question 6

Secondary PHTN results from three things: ___________.

Answer 6

hypoxemia (which leads to global vasoconstriciton), chronic pulmonary emboli, and volume overload

Question 7

What is the histologic hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 7

The formation of hyaline membranes, which result from protein leaking into the alveoli

Question 8

What are two possible effects of hyaline membranes?

Answer 8

(1) collapse of the alveoli and (2) increased diffusion distance, resulting in hypoxemia

Question 9

What is PEEP and why do you give it to ARDS patients?

Answer 9

It is positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation, and it is given to ARDS patients to keep their lungs from collapsing.

Question 10

Adequate levels of surfactant usually occurs at ___________.

Answer 10

34 weeks’ gestation

Question 11

The main component of surfactant is __________.

Answer 11

phosphatidylcholine