Types of practice Flashcards
What are the 4 main types of practice classified as skills
Whole, part, whole part whole, progressive part
What is whole practice
Practice by doing the total or complete or entire movement/not breaking skill into subroutines or parts
What are examples of a whole practice
Whole tennis serve or jump shot in basketball
What is part practice
Practise by splitting or breaking down skill into subroutines or sections
What are examples of part practice
Tennis serve by doing the toss up. High jump by doing the run-up only.
What are positives of whole practice
Quickest, Helps overall understanding and development of mental picture, helps interpret environment (open skills), low complexity, good for fitness development and discrete skills
What are negatives of whole practice
Can be too difficult for beginners (cognitive), can be tiring if gross skill, can be dangerous to cognitive performers, difficult to refine or identify errors, not suited to learn complex skills, could result in loss of confidence
What are positives of part practice
Less demanding for beginners, good for complex skills, motivates cognitive, good for performers with limited attention, safe, good for skills low in organisation, can avoid fatigue
What are negatives of part practice
Lack of awareness and kinaesthetic sense of end product, limits mental image creation, lack of rhythm/timing, more time to learn each subroutine, Unsuitable for highly organised skills as sub-routines can’t be isolated.
Can avoid effects of fatigue.
Transfer from part to whole may be ineffective
What is whole part whole practice
Practice the complete skill, then split it into subroutines, and then practice complete skill again
What are examples of whole part whole
Long jump- Perform the entire run-up, practise just the take-off, then practise the entire jump again
What is progressive part practice
Practice in stages that are linked or chained
What are positives of whole part whole
Correct specific faults in the performance of open skills
What are negatives of whole part whole
Time consuming
What are positives of progressive part
Helps with complex or serial tasks, Allows for chaining of sub-routines, Easier transfer to whole practice
What are negatives of progressive part
Time consuming, Performer may be overly concerned with mastering one particular sub-routine
What are the two types of environment for types of practice
Fixed, varied
What is a fixed environment of practice
Practice remains the same in a constant situation. Same movement practised repeatedly in same (stable) environment
What are examples of a fixed environment for practice
golf driving range/ Bball free throw practice/ football penalty practice
What are positives of a fixed environment for practice
- Good to develop motor programmes for over learning
- Can help to perfect skill
- Good in cognitive stage as it limits environmental stimuli
- Good for closed skills (because it replicates competition)
What are negatives of a fixed environment for practice
- Can be tedious/boring/de-motivating
- Not suitable for open skills/does not prepare for game situation or open environment
What is a varied environment for practice
Practice changes regularly. Different situations or environment. Different activities performed in different ways
What are positives of varied environment for practice
- Good for open skills when the environment changes
- Good preparation for the ‘real game’ situation (if conditions realistic)
- Best when skill has already been learned (in a fixed practice) / good for autonomous stage
- Can stimulate interest or motivation / prevent boredom
- Helps to develop schema
What are negatives of a varied environment for practice
- Can confuse learners or cognitive phase performers
- Too many stimuli can cause information overload
- May not be able to groove a skill or develop effective motor programmes
What are the two amounts for practice
Massed, distributed
What is a massed amount of practice
No or very few rest intervals. Continuous practice or long sessions
What is an example of massed amount of practice
golf tee shot practice/ tennis serve practice/ cricket nets
What are pros of a massed amount of practice
- Good for autonomous phase learners or beginners.
- Used to groove or thoroughly learn a skill. Good to make skill habitual.
- Good for simple or discrete or short duration skills.
- Quick & easy to complete
What are cons of massed amount of practice
- Can be tiring or too fatiguing or tedious or boring
- Can lead to de-motivation/drive reduction
- Errors can be increased or compounded
- Can lead to (overuse) injuries
- Less opportunity for feedback or guidance
What is a distributed amount of practice
Regular breaks. Skill practised in short bursts
What is an example of distributed amount of practice
athletics sprint training/ field event throwing practices
What are advantages of a distributed amount of practice
- Good for cognitive learners or learners who are less fit or less motivated learners.
- Good for cognitive learners as they can receive regular feedback
- Good for associative/autonomous learners to give better understanding of the skill
- Good for continuous/gross as it allows for rest in between trials.
What are disadvantages of a distributed amount of practice
- Can cause disruption in learning which impedes learning.
- Can de-motivate if breaks are too regular or too long
