Skills ac - methods of practice

Question 1

What 3 sections can practice be organised into

Answer 1

Skill, environment, breaks

Question 2

What ways can practice be organised into skills

Answer 2

Whole, part, whole - part - whole, progressive part

Question 3

What is whole practice

Answer 3

Practice by doing the total or complete or entire movement/not breaking skill into subroutines or parts

Question 4

What is part practice

Answer 4

Practise by splitting or breaking down skill into subroutines or sections

Question 5

What are positive evaluation points for whole practice

Answer 5

Quickest

Helps overall understanding and development of mental picture

Helps interpret environment – Open skills
(associative/autonomous)

Good for simple skills due to low levels of complexity

Can be good for fitness development

Good for discrete skills

Question 6

What are negative evaluation points for whole practice

Answer 6

Can be too difficult to learn for beginners as a whole (cognitive)

Can be tiring if physically demanding skill – Gross skills

Can be dangerous if performer is a beginner (cognitive)

Difficult to refine or identify errors – High in organisation

Not suited to learning complex skills – Complex

Could result in a loss of confidence

Question 7

What are positive evaluation points for part practice

Answer 7

Limits information to process so less demanding for beginners (cognitive) – Good for complex skills.

Raises confidence or esteem/ motivates.
(cognitive)

Good for performers with limited attention.

Improves safety in dangerous skills. (cognitive)

Good for serial or skills low in organisation as sub routines can be isolated.

Can avoid effects of fatigue.

Question 8

What are negative evaluation points for part practice

Answer 8

Lack of awareness of end product (cognitive) & kinaesthetic sense.

Can limit mental image creation for beginners (cognitive).

Can lead to a lack of rhythm, fluency or timing.

Takes more time to learn each sub-routine.

Unsuitable for highly organised skills as sub-routines can’t be isolated.

Transfer from part to whole may be ineffective.

Question 9

What is whole part whole practice

Answer 9

Practice the complete skill, then split it into subroutines, and then practice complete skill again

Question 10

What is progressive part practice

Answer 10

Practice in stages that are linked or chained

Question 11

What are positive evaluation points of whole part whole practice

Answer 11

Correct specific faults in the performance of open skills

Question 12

What are negative evaluation points of whole part whole practice

Answer 12

Time consuming

Question 13

What are positive evaluation points for progressive part practice

Answer 13

Helps with complex or serial tasks

Allows for chaining of sub-routines

Easier transfer to whole practice

Question 14

What are negative evaluation points for progressive part practice

Answer 14

Time consuming

Performer may be overly concerned with mastering one particular sub-routine

Question 15

What are the 4 types of practice and their categories

Answer 15

Environment - Varied, fixed

Amount - Massed, distributed

Question 16

What is fixed practice

Answer 16

Practice remains the same in a constant situation

Question 17

What are positive evaluation points for fixed practice

Answer 17

Good to develop motor programmes for over learning

Can help to perfect skill

Good in cognitive stage as it limits environmental stimuli

Good for closed skills (because it replicates competition)

Question 18

What are negative evaluation points for fixed practice

Answer 18

Can be tedious/boring/de-motivating

Not suitable for open skills/does not prepare for game situation or open environment

Question 19

What is varied practice

Answer 19

Practice changes regularly

Question 20

What are positive evaluation points for varied practice

Answer 20

Good for open skills when the environment changes

Good preparation for the ‘real game’ situation (if conditions realistic)

Best when skill has already been learned (in a fixed practice) / good for autonomous stage

Can stimulate interest or motivation / prevent boredom

Helps to develop schema

Question 21

WHat are negative evaluation points for varied practice

Answer 21

Can confuse learners or cognitive phase performers

Too many stimuli can cause information overload

May not be able to groove a skill or develop effective motor programmes

Question 22

What is massed practice

Answer 22

No or very few rest intervals

Question 23

What are positive evaluation points of massed practice

Answer 23

Good for autonomous phase learners or beginners.

Used to groove or thoroughly learn a skill. Good to make skill habitual.

Good for simple or discrete or short duration skills.

Quick & easy to complete

Question 24

What are negative evaluation points of massed practice

Answer 24

Can be tiring or too fatiguing or tedious or boring

Can lead to de-motivation/drive reduction

Errors can be increased or compounded

Can lead to (overuse) injuries

Less opportunity for feedback or guidance

Question 25

What is distributed practice

Answer 25

Regular breaks

Question 26

What are positive evaluation points of distributed practice

Answer 26

Good for cognitive learners or learners who are less fit or less motivated learners.

Good for cognitive learners as they can receive regular feedback

Good for associative/autonomous learners to give better understanding of the skill

Good for continuous/gross as it allows for rest in between trials

Question 27

What are negative evaluation points for distributed practice

Answer 27

Can cause disruption in learning which impedes learning.

Can de-motivate if breaks are too regular or too long