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HUMAN DISEASE MOD 5 > TUTORIALS > Flashcards

TUTORIALS Flashcards

1
Q

risk factors for angina?

A

smoking
diabetes
lack of exercise
family history
obesity

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2
Q

what type of patients are at risk of infective endocarditis?

A

valve replacement
known cardiac conditions/ prosthetic valves
previous endocarditis
congenital defects

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3
Q

infective endocarditis prophylaxis regime

A

200mg amoxicillin
600mg clindamycin

1 hour before dental tx

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4
Q

names of skin lesions caused by septic emboli?

A

janeway lesions

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5
Q

what device can be used to monitor asthma?

A

peak flow meter

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6
Q

COPD symptoms

A

cough
shortness of breath
fatigue
mucous

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7
Q

how can COPD impact dental tx

A

sitting back is difficult
sedation considered very carefully
inhaled therapies can cause dry mouth and candida

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8
Q

cerebellar ataxia

A

broad-based stance with instability when walking

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9
Q

intention tremor

A

coarse, low frequency oscillation during a purposeful motor movement

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10
Q

resting tremor typical presentation? what disease does it present in?

A

“pill rolling” action of hand
Parkinsons

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11
Q

essential tremor

A

not associated with neurological disorder
occurs during voluntary movement

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12
Q

festination? presents in?

A

pt appears to hurry
Parkinsons

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13
Q

bradykinesia? presents in?

A

slowness of movement
Parkinsons

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14
Q

spasticity? presents in?

A

pt just recovered from stroke
caused by stiffness of muscles - presents as flexed limbs

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15
Q

automatism

A

automatic, repetitive involuntary behaviour - lip smacking, swallowing, skin rubbing

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16
Q

post-ictal

A

events after a seizure
drowsiness, confusion, unable to speak

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17
Q

3 types of inhlaers?

A

meter dosed
spinhaler
turbohaler

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18
Q

what is PEFR? and what does it indicate?

A

volume of air forcefully expelled from lungs in one exhalation.
it indicates ventilation adequacy and airflow obstruction

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19
Q

stages in taking a PEFR reading?

A

ensure PFM is set to 0
position pt upright
pt takes deep breath
hold meter parallel to floor and position mouth around mouthpiece, creating tight seal
exhale as forcefully as you can
note reading
repeat 3 times and use highest

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20
Q

what is a normal PEFR reading?

A

400-600l/min
*will be reduced in pts with COPD and asthma

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21
Q

addisons disease mouth symptoms

A

brown pigmentation

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22
Q

addisons disease and blood pressure

A

low blood pressure

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23
Q

pt with Addison’s, taking a steroid - what considerations for dental tx?

A

minor procedures - take additional dose 1hr prior
major procedures - supplemental prior to procedure and for 24hrs after
xLA - refer to secondary care

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24
Q

dose of steroid that can lead to adrenal insufficiency?

A

7.5mg/day for 3 weeks

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25
Q

Acromegaly dental symptoms?

A

pain and clicking TMJ
enlarged lower jaw
teeth spacing
enlarged tongue
reverse overbite

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26
Q

acromegaly pathology

A

excess secretion of GH and subsequent elevation IGF-1

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27
Q

what are the risks associated with acromegaly?

A

DM type II - due to increase GH
CV disease - ischaemic heart disease and acromegalic cardiomyopathy

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28
Q

questions to ask pt you suspect of having undiagnosed hypothyroidism?

A

constipation
angina
hair loss
poor memory

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29
Q

signs you may see as a dentist of hypothyroidism?

A

goitre
puffed face
dry coarse skin
delayed reflexes
confusion

30
Q

hypothyroidism test results

A

high TSH
low T4

31
Q

what drug is used to treat hypothyroidism

A

lexothyroxine

32
Q

what drug is used to treat hyperthyroidism?

A

carbimazole

33
Q

risks of undiagnosed hypothyrodism?

A

CV issues due to high cholesterol
Infection

34
Q

what is the risk to a diabetic pt who hasnt taken their regular insulin dose?

A

ketoacidosis and hypoglycaemia

35
Q

explain ketoacidosis

A

body doesnt have enough insulin to use sugar as energy so liver breaks down fat instead - producing ketones

36
Q

ketoacidosis main symptom?

A

pear scented breath

37
Q

hyperglycaemia symtpoms?

A

need to pee more often
very thirsty
nausea
sweating
pear scented breath

38
Q

hyperlgycaemia reading

A

> 11mmol
7mmol if fasting

39
Q

what does low haemoglobin imply?

A

anaemia

40
Q

signs and symptoms of anaemia?

A

pale, tachycardia, pale mucosa
tired and weak, dizzy, SOB, palpitations

41
Q

anaemia management

A

replace haematinics - FeSO4, vitB, folic acid
transfusions
erythropoietin

42
Q

what is erythropoeitin?

A

hormone that stimulated red blood cell production

43
Q

what does INR stand for?

A

international normalised ratio

44
Q

what does INR measure?

A

how long it takes for blood to clot

45
Q

what risk category does RSD come under?

A

high

46
Q

can you prescribe amoxicillin to a pt on warfarin?

A

no - increases risk of bleeding

47
Q

what risk is a biopsy?

A

high

48
Q

3 common medications prescribed to a pt with IHD

A

aspirin
atorvastatin
isosorbide mononitrate

49
Q

what group of drugs are anti-anginals?

A

nitrates: isosorbide mononitrate, GTN

50
Q

what drugs are anti-platelets?

A

aspirin/ clopidogrel

51
Q

what group of drugs are lipid-lowering?

A

statins:
atorvastatin
simvastatin

52
Q

what drugs are B blockers?

A

bisoprolol
propranolol
atenolol

53
Q

beta blocker action

A

prevent increase in heart rate by reducing heart muscle excitability

54
Q

what drugs are calcium channel blockers

A

amlodipine
nifedipine
verapamil

55
Q

calcium channel blocker action

A

vasodilation and reduction in heart rate

56
Q

depression symptoms

A

loss of appetite
poor sleep
early morning wakening
poor concentration
suicidal ideation

57
Q

what type of pts in the UK are at risk of vitD def?

A

housebound, SPF use, dark skin
poor nutrition, GI disease
antiepileptic drug users
breastfeeding, elderly, liver disease, kidney disease

58
Q

what gives paracetamol OD a poorer outcome?

A

staggered overdose

59
Q

what is helpful in management of T2DM?

A

weight loss and exercise

60
Q

what drugs must be avoided in pts with history of gastric ulceration?

A

ibuprofen

61
Q

what type of DM is an autoimmune condition?

A

DM1

62
Q

DM1 cause?

A

autoimmune condition that leads to insulin deficiency in the pancreas - attack of islet cells

63
Q

DM2 cause?

A

insulin resistance - overtime cells stop responding to insulin so pancreas keeps trying to make more for cells to respond, overtime it then stops producing any

64
Q

type 1 DM presentation

A

thirst
polyuria
tired
weight loss
thrush
blurred vision

65
Q

type 2 DM symtpoms

A

polyuria
thirst
tired
weight loss
thrush
blurred vision

66
Q

diabetes complications

A

retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy
periodontitis
CV problems

67
Q

liver disease presentation

A

jaundice
finger clubbing
white nails
hair loss
oedema
dark urine and pale stools
upper abdom pain

68
Q

types of liver disease

A

hepatitis
cirrhosis

69
Q

oral signs of GI disease?

A

cobblestone mucosa
ulcers

70
Q

warfarin mechanism of action

A

vit K antagonist

71
Q

apixaban mechanism of action

A

inhibits prothrombin, factor Xa

72
Q

dabigatran mechanism of action

A

direct thrombin inhibitor

HUMAN DISEASE MOD 5 (54 decks)

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