ANAEMIA Flashcards

1
Q

Anaemia

A

reduction of haemoglobin in the blood

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2
Q

how do haemoglobin issues arrise

A

inability to make the haem (iron def)
inability to make the correct globin chains (sickle cell)

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3
Q

anaemia causes

A
  1. reduced production
  2. increased losses
  3. increased demand
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4
Q

reduced production of haemoglobin

A

nutrition
malabsorption

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5
Q

increased losses of haemoglobin

A

blood loss
intravascular haemolysis

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6
Q

increase haemoglobin demand

A

increased utilisation - pregnancy, growth

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7
Q

disease reducing iron absorption

A

achlorydia
coeliac disease

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8
Q

achlorhydia

A

lack of stomach acid
no conversion of non-haem iron

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9
Q

diseases causing iron loss

A

gastric erosions/ ulcers
IBD
Bowel cancer
haemorrhoids

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10
Q

causes of Vit B12 def

A

lack of intake - vegans
lack of intrinsic factor - pernicious anaemia
disease of terminal ilium

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11
Q

lack of intrinsic factor due to

A

autoimmune stomach disease (pernicious anaemia)
gastric disease

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12
Q

disease of terminal ilium

A

crohns diasease

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13
Q

folic acid def cause

A

lack of intake
absorption failure

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14
Q

absorption failure of folic acid cause

A

jejunal disease (coeliac)

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15
Q

abnormal globin chains

A

sickle cell
thalassaemia

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16
Q

thalassaemia

A

normal haem production
genetic mutation of globin chains

17
Q

clinical effects of thalassaemia

A

chronic anaemia
marrow hyperplasia - skeletal deformities
splenomegaly
cirrhosis
gallstones

18
Q

thalassaemia management

A

blood transfusion
prevent iron overload

19
Q

sickle cell anaemia

A

abnormal globin chains

20
Q

sickle cell anaemia effects

A

haem change shape in low 02 environments
prevent RBC from passing through cappilaries
tissue ischaemia (pain and necrosis)

21
Q

measure degree of anaemia

A

measure Hb

22
Q

measure cell deficiency or Hb formation def,

A

RCC and HCT

23
Q

measure overall picture

A

MCV
(size of cell)

24
Q

types of anaemia RCC and HCT losses

A

lose normal red cells through bleeding - GI
abnormal red cells with reduced lifespan and removed by spleen - autoimmune/ hereditary

25
anaemia classifications
microcytic macrocytic normocytic hypochromic ansiocytic
26
ansiocytic
exaggerated sizes of cells really big and really small
27
reticulocyte
almost mature RBC - released early into circulation to replace losses
28
reticulocytosis effect
raised MCV
29
anaemia signs
pale tachycardia enlarged liver and spleen (RARE) pale mucosa smooth tongue angular cheilitis beefy tongue
30
anaemia symptoms
tired and weak dizzy SOB palpitations
31
anaemia investigations
good history FBC GI blood loss - FOB, endoscopy/ colonoscopy Renal function Bone marrow exam
32
anaemia Tx
replace haematinics transfusions erythropoietin
33
replacing haematinics
FeSO4 200mg tds for 3 months 1mg IM vitB12 x 6 then 1mg/2 months 5mg folic acid daily
34
production failure/ renal disease tx
erythropoietin