Respiratory & Sleep Medicine\ Airway Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

An airway disease (usually viral lower respiratory tract infection) characterized by acute inflammation, edema, and necrosis of the bronchiolar walls; hypersecretion of mucus; and bronchospasm

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2
Q

In what patient population is bronchiolitis most common?

A

Infants

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3
Q

What is the most common etiology of bronchiolitis? Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

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4
Q

Does infection with RSV confer immunity?

A

No. Reinfection can occur.

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5
Q

What is the name of the vaccine used to help prevent RSV infection (routinely given to infants with a history of chronic lung or heart disease or prematurity)?

A

Palivizumab

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6
Q

How is a diagnosis of bronchiolitis made?

A
  • It is a clinical diagnosis.
    • An upper respiratory infection developing into a lower respiratory infection
    • with signs of respiratory distress including
      • wheezing
      • tachypnea
      • increased work of breathing (nasal flaring, grunting, retractions).
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7
Q

What is ribavirin?

A

An antiviral used to treat severe bronchiolitis (or those at risk for severe disease)

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8
Q

What is acute bronchitis?

A

Transient inflammation of the bronchi (medium and large airways)

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9
Q

What are the causes of acute bronchitis?

A
  • Viruses (most often)
  • bacterial
  • inhalation of foreign material (toxic fumes, etc)
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10
Q

What age group is most commonly affected by acute bronchitis?

A

Children less than 5 years old

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11
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acute bronchitis due to infection?

A
  • Fever
  • cough and sputum production
  • shortness of breath
  • wheezing
  • chest pain and/or
  • malaise
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12
Q

How long does acute bronchitis usually last?

A

20-30 days

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13
Q

What is the treatment of acute bronchitis?

A
  • Rest and plenty of fluids
  • acetaminophen or other pain relievers
  • cough drops
  • expectorant cough medication (eg, guaifenesin)
  • cough suppressants for nonproductive cough (eg, dextromethorphan)
  • bronchodilators
  • antibiotics (only when bacterial cause suspected or if patient has chronic lung disease)
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14
Q

The American Academy of Pediatrics strongly recommends that cough and cold medications not be given to children younger than what age because of life-threatening side effects?

A

2 years

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15
Q

Evidence shows that cough and cold medicines are not effective in children younger than what age?

A

6 years old

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16
Q

What can caregivers give children to reduce coughing?

A
  • A small amount of honey may be given to children over 1 year old.
  • Throat lozenges or cough drops may be given to children over 4 years old.
17
Q

What is croup?

A

Common infection that causes acute inflammation of trachea and larynx

18
Q

What is the most common cause?

A

Parainfluenza virus

19
Q

What symptoms are seen with croup?

A
  • Hoarseness
  • barking cough
20
Q

In what age group does croup occur?

A
  • Children 6 months to 12 years
  • most commonly in children 1-3 years of age
21
Q

What is the radiographic finding known as the “steeple sign?”

A

Anteroposterior (AP) view of the neck shows narrowing trachea.

22
Q

What is the treatment of Croup?

A
  • Steroids
  • nebulizer treatments
  • cool humidified air
  • racemic epinephrine
23
Q

What is the infectious agent of pertussis (whooping cough)?

A

Bordetella pertussis

24
Q

What are the classic symptoms?

A
  • Whooping cough spells (paroxysms)
  • followed by posttussive emesis
25
Q

What are the three stages of disease?

A
  1. Catarrhal stage (mild upper respiratory infection symptoms)
  2. Paroxysmal (whooping cough)
  3. Convalescent (mild cough continues)
26
Q

How long may Pertussis(whooping cough) last?

A

12 weeks

27
Q

Do antibiotics abort tpertussis(whooping cough)?

A

Only in the catarrhal phase

28
Q

What is the main purpose of antibiotics in whooping cough?

A

To decrease spread to others

29
Q

What is the treatment of choice in whooping cough(Pertussis)?

A
  • Erythromycin for 14 days for patient and close contacts
30
Q

What is the concerning possible complication of erythromycin in infants?

A

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

31
Q

What are alternatives to erythromycin (in the treatment of pertussis(whooping cough)?

A
  • other macrolides e.g. Azithromycin
32
Q
A