Neuorlogy\ Intracranial Hemorrhage

Question 1

What are the four major types of intracranial hemorrhage?

Answer 1

• epidural hematoma
• subdural hematoma
• subarachnoid hemorrhage
• intracerebral hemorrhage

Question 2

What causes an epidural hematoma?

Answer 2

• bleeding from menigeal arteries (classically, the middle meningeal artery)

Question 3

What percent of epidural hematomas are associated with skull fracture?

Answer 3

85%

Question 4

How do you recognize an epidural hematoma?

Answer 4

• history of head trauma with loss of consciousness
• followed by a lucid interval
• then immediate neurologic deterioration

Question 5

what causes a subdural hematoma?

Answer 5

• bleeding from bridging veins between the cortex and venous sinuses

Question 6

what patient populations are vulnerable to subdural hematomas?

Answer 6

• elderly and alcoholics

Question 7

How do you differentiate between an epidural hematoma and subdural hematoma on CT Scan?

Answer 7

• An epidural hematoma is lenticular or binconvex
• a subdural is crescent-shaped

Question 8

What causes a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

Answer 8

• bleeding between the arachnoid and pia mater
• usually secondary to trauma or berry aneuryms rupture

Question 9

How do you make a definitive diagnosis of a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Answer 9

• A lumbar puncture demostrate blood or xanthochromia.
• CT may or may not show blood in the ventricles and surrounding brain and brainstem.

Question 10

Causes of bacterial meningitis according to age group-

< 1 month

Answer 10

• Group B streptococcus > gram negative bacilli > Strep. pneumoniae