Public Health & Preventive Health_Epidemiology

Question 1

How are patients in case control study grouped and evaluated?

Answer 1

• Persons with a known outcome, such as cancer, are identified as cases
• those without the outcome as controls.
• The study compares the groups, looking for multiple potential exposures of the outcome.

Question 2

What primary measures?

Answer 2

• measures aimed at preventing the development of a disease, for example vaccines.

Question 3

What are secondary prevention measures?

Answer 3

• measures aimed at detecting disease early, for example, colonoscopies, seek to detect early colon cancer.

Question 4

What are tertiary prevention measures?

Answer 4

• measures aimed at reducing the negative impact of an already established disease, and reducing disease related complications.
• For example, monitoring for microalbuminuria seeks to identify and treat patients at risk for developing diabetic nephropathy.

Question 5

Correlation study ___

Answer 5

• uses population data, such as comparing the country’s alcohol intake to its prevalence of coronary artery disease

Question 6

case report is ________

Answer 6

a descriptive study of factors that could be related to an outcome.

Question 7

cross sectional study assesses ___

Answer 7

the outcome and exposure simultaneously.

Question 8

can cross sectional studies prove causality?

Answer 8

No, because the temporal relationship between the variables is unknown.

Question 9

Give examples of the following analytic or hypothesis testing study designs.

Answer 9

• Observational
  
  • cohort and case control study
• interventional
  
  • randomized controlled trials.

Question 10

How are patients in a cohort study grouped and evaluated?

Answer 10

• Participants are divided into groups based on some exposure, for example low versus high fat diets.
• The study compares multiple potential outcomes of the exposure.

Question 11

What prospective studies?

Answer 11

• At the study initiation the disease has not occurred, and the study group is followed forward in time.

Question 12

What retrospective studies?

Answer 12

• At study initiation diseases has occurred and the researcher looks back in time to identify potential etiologies or causes.

Question 13

The percent of the population with a disease at a given point in time (# persons with the disease/# persons in the total population)

Answer 13

Prevalence

Question 14

The percent of the population who develop a disease over a period of time (# persons who develop the disease/# persons who are initially disease-free in a population)

Answer 14

Incidence