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BDS1 > respiration - gas exchange > Flashcards

respiration - gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

the maximum volume of additional air that can be inhaled after a normal breath

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2
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity?

A

The volume of air breathed in from quiet expiration to maximum inspiration.

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3
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be expired from the lungs after a maximum inspiration.

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4
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume of air left in the lungs after max expiration

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5
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

The volume of air left in the lungs after quiet expiration

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6
Q

What homeostasis does breathing maintain?

A

Blood gas homeostasis

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7
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen at rest?

A

PO2 = 100 +- 2 mmHg

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8
Q

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide at rest?

A

PO2 = 40+-2 mmHg

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9
Q

What is the ventilation rate at rest?

A

6-7 L/min (12-15 breaths/min, 500ml/breath)

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10
Q

What volume of O2 is consumed per minute?

A

250ml/min

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11
Q

What volume of CO2 is expired per minute?

A

200ml/min

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12
Q

How to calculate the partial pressure of a gas

A

fraction of gas x barometric pressure

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13
Q

Which part of the lung makes up the conducting airways?

A

Bronchi and nonrespiratory bronchioles

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14
Q

Why are conducting airways considered to be anatomic dead space?

A

They don’t participate in gas exchange and take up 150ml volume (30% of breath doesn’t reach alveoli)

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15
Q

What structures form the respiratory airways?

A

bronchioles with alveoli where gas exchange occurs (terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli)

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16
Q

What volume is the conducting airways?

A

150 ml

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17
Q

What volume is the respiratory airways?

A

2500ml

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18
Q

How long is the respiratory airways?

A

5mm

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19
Q

What is a respiratory unit?

A

the basic physiological unit of the lung involved in gas exchange consisting of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.

20
Q

How many alveoli are there in adults?

A

300-400 million alveolar sacs

21
Q

Shape of alveoli

A

polygonal, 250 um diameter

22
Q

What cells make up the alveoli?

A

type 1 and type 2 (septal) epithelial cells / pneumocytes

23
Q

Function of type 1 pneumocytes

A

primary site of gas exchange

24
Q

What percentage of the alveoli surface are is type 1 epithelial cells?

A

97%

25
Q

What are type 2 pneumocytes also known as?

A

Septal / surfactant cells

26
Q

How much of the alveolar surface area is occupied by type 2 pneumocytes / surfactant / septal cells?

A

3%

27
Q

Function of type 2 pneumocytes

A

Produce pulmonary surfactant which reduces surface tension, allowing the lungs to expand duringeach breath.

28
Q

What cells remove debris from alveolar sacs?

A

Alveolar macrophages

29
Q

What feature of the lung may mean that babies born prematurely (before 28 weeks) might not survive?

A

Their septal/surfactant cells have not yet differentiated

30
Q

Why are alveoli efficient for gas exchange?

A

large surface area (100m2), very thin walls (0.5um), large capillary network

31
Q

What are the 2 blood circulations in the lungs?

A

pulmonary circulation and bronchial circulation

32
Q

Function of the pulmonary circulation

A

brings deoxygenated blood from the RV to the lungs where it is oxygenated and returned to the LA and then pumped around the rest of the body.

33
Q

Function of the bronchial circulation

A

brings oxygenated blood to the lung parenchyma (part of systemic circulation)

34
Q

What is the total blood volume in the pulmonary circulation?

A

500ml (10% of total)

35
Q

What is the volume of blood in the alveolar-capillary network at rest?

A

75ml

36
Q

What is the volume of blood in the alveolar-capillary network during exercise?

A

150-200ml

37
Q

How does the volume of blood in the alveolar-capillary network increase (more than x2) during exercise?

A

New capillaries are recruited and there is an increase in blood pressure.

38
Q

How do arteries in the pulmonary circulation differ compared to the systemic circulation?

A

thinner walls, larger diameter, lower resistance and lower pressure.

39
Q

What is the distance between the alveoli and an erythrocyte?

A

1-2um

40
Q

What structures must O2 diffuse through to reach Hb?

A

type 1 pneumocyte, basement membrane (fused basal lamina), endothelial cell, erythrocyte plasma membrane.

41
Q

How long does it take erythrocytes to pass through capillaries?

A

less than 1 second - very efficient as it is enough time for O2 and CO2 gas exchange

42
Q

Does O2 or CO2 have a greater pressure gradient between the alveolar air and venous blood?

A

O2 has a steeper conc gradient

43
Q

Ventilation definition

A

process by which air moves in and out of lung

44
Q

perfusion definition

A

process by which deoxygenated blood passes through the lung and becomes oxygenated

45
Q

What is the V/Q ratio?

A

The relationship between ventilation and perfusion which is a major determinant of normal gas exchange and levels of PO2 and PCO2.

46
Q

V/Q in healthy lungs

A

0.8

BDS1 (56 decks)

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