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BDS1 > Head and neck anatomy > Flashcards

Head and neck anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the skull?

A

protect the brain and support facial structures

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2
Q

How can the bones of the head be divided into 2 groups?

A

Cranial bones and facial bones

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3
Q

What do the cranial bones form?

A

Roof and base of the skull

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4
Q

What is the roof of the skull known as?

A

Calvarium

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5
Q

What are all the cranial bones?

A

Frontal (1), parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital (1), ethmoid (1), sphenoid (1)

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6
Q

Which of the cranial bones for the calvarium?

A

frontal (1), occipital (1), parietal (2)

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7
Q

What are the facial bones known as?

A

viscerocranium

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8
Q

What are all the facial bones?

A

lacrimal (2), maxilla (2), nasal (2), inferior concha (2), palatine (2), vomer (1), zygoma (2), mandible (1)

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9
Q

How many facial bones are there in total?

A

14

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10
Q

What does the superior part of the skull form?

A

cranium / neurocranium

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11
Q

What are cranial sutures?

A

dense fibrous joints made of collage

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12
Q

Function of cranial sutures

A

allow bones to move over each other during childbirth

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13
Q

What is the name of the cranial sutures between the frontal and parietal bones?

A

Coronal sutures

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14
Q

What is the name of the cranial sutures between the 2 parietal bones?

A

Sagittal sutures

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15
Q

What is the name of the cranial sutures between the occipital and parietal bones?

A

Lambdoid sutures (shaped like Greek letter, lamda)

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16
Q

What are the names of the gaps between cranial bones in newborns?

A

fontanelles (anterior and posterior)

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17
Q

Where is the anterior fontanelle?

A

the gap between the developing 2 frontal bones and parietal bones

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18
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle close?

A

18-24 months

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19
Q

What is the clinical use of the anterior fontanelle?

A

indicates the intercranial pressure

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20
Q

Where is the posterior fontanelle located?

A

Between the sagittal and lambdoid sutures

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21
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close?

A

6-8 weeks

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22
Q

Which bones make up the cranial base?

A

ethmoid, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, temporal bone (petrous part)

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23
Q

What is the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

The portion of the temporal bone where middle and inner ear sit (hearing and balance)

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24
Q

What shape is the sphenoid bone?

A

Butterfly shaped

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25
Q

What anatomical feature can be palpated posterior to the ear?

A

Mastoid process

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26
Q

What does the mastoid process contain?

A

Mastoid air cells

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27
Q

What can cause inflammation of the mastoid process?

A

acute otitis media (middle ear infection)

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28
Q

What is the name of the opening at the base of the skull that allows the spinal cord to connect to the brain?

A

foramen magnum

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29
Q

Which bone contains the foramen magnum?

A

Occipital bone

30
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve (CN I) enter the brain?

A

Through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

31
Q

Where is the ethmoid bone located?

A

Posterior to nasal cavity, between 2 orbits

32
Q

What is the name of the canal in the temporal bone that carries nerves and blood vessels to the inner ear?

A

Internal auditory meatus

33
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus?

A

CN VII (facial) and CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)

34
Q

Which is the thinnest of the facial bones?

A

lacrimal bones

35
Q

Which bone forms the cheekbones?

A

zygoma

36
Q

Which bones does the zygomatic bone join with?

A

Frontal (above), sphenoid (deep), temporal (side), maxilla (antero-inferiorly)

37
Q

Function of the zygomatic bone (zygoma)

A

forms a crash-impact barrier that transmits trauma posteriorly to the temporal bone. Protects skeleton of face

38
Q

Why are middle bones more anterior whereas lateral bones are more posterior?

A

To create a wider area for binocular vision

39
Q

Which bones form the cranial vault (top of skull)?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal (squamous part - inferior to parietal)

40
Q

Which part of the temporal bone is softer?

A

Squamous part

41
Q

What is the weakest part of the skull?

A

Pterion

42
Q

Where is the pterion?

A

Region of the skull where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones meet

43
Q

Which blood vessels can rupture if there is trauma to the pterion?

A

Middle meningeal artery and vein

44
Q

What happens if the middle meningeal artery / vein ruptures?

A

It will cause an extra-dural haemorrhage which will result in the dura being pressed off the skull. This can take time so there is a delay in symptoms.

45
Q

What is the delay in symptoms called during an extradural haemorrhage?

A

lucid interval

46
Q

Symptoms of an extradural haemorrhage

A

reduced consciousness, headache, nausea, vomiting

47
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges in the brain (inner to outer)?

A

Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

48
Q

Name for the eye socket

A

orbit

49
Q

Where is the opening for the optic canal (CN II)?

A

The optic foramen located at the apex of the orbit

50
Q

Which cranial nerves enter through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor (CN III), Trochlear (CN IV), Trigeminal (CN Va - ophthalmic division), Abducens (CN VI)

51
Q

Which bones make up the superior wall (roof) of the orbit?

A

Frontal and lesser wing of sphenoid

52
Q

Which bone separates the orbit from the anterior cranial fossa?

A

frontal bone

53
Q

Which bones make up the inferior wall (floor) of the orbit?

A

maxilla, palatine and zygomatic bones

54
Q

Which bone separates the orbit from the maxillary sinus?

A

maxilla

55
Q

Which bones form the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Lacrimal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid bone

56
Q

Which bones separates the orbit from the ethmoid sinus?

A

ethmoid bone

57
Q

Which bones form the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

zygomatic and sphenoid

58
Q

What forms a boundary around the base of the orbit?

A

eyelids (orbital rim)

59
Q

Which cranial nerves supply the extra-ocular muscles?

A

CN III (oculomotor), CN IV (trochlear), CN VI (abducens)

60
Q

What is the name of the opening located inferior to the orbit within the maxilla?

A

Infraorbital foramen

61
Q

Which nerve passes through the infraorbital foramen?

A

Infraorbital nerve (terminal branch of CN Vb - maxillary division)

62
Q

Which nerves are anaesthetised during dental procedures on the upper teeth?

A

Superior alveolar nerves

63
Q

Which bones and cartilage form the nasal septum?

A

Ethmoid bone (posterior), vomer, septal cartilage. (maxilla forms anterior nasal spine)

64
Q

Which nerve supplies the palate and anterior teeth?

A

Nasopalatine nerve

65
Q

Where does the nasopalatine nerve emerge from?

A

Incisive canal in the palatine process of maxilla

66
Q

Which bone forms the palate?

A

Palatine process of the maxilla

67
Q

What is the origin of the arterial blood supply to the head and neck?

A

arch of aorta

68
Q

Which 2 arteries does the common carotid artery divide into?

A

internal and external carotid artery

69
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply?

A

Supplies 80% of the blood to the brain

70
Q

Which artery supplies 20% of the blood to the brain?

A

vertebral artery

71
Q

What does the external carotid artery supply?

A

exterior of the head and neck

72
Q
A

BDS1 (66 decks)

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