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BDS1 > Neck > Flashcards

Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior limit of the neck?

A

Mandible and base of skull

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2
Q

What is the inferior limit of the neck?

A

Thoracic inlet

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3
Q

Where is the apex of the lungs found?

A

About 1 inch above medial third of the clavicle

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4
Q

Which anatomical structure divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles?

A

sternocleidomastoid (sternum, cleido/clavicle, mastoid)

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5
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Mastoid process

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6
Q

What is the distal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Sternum and clavicle

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7
Q

What are the boundaries for the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, midline (line from chin to manubrium), lower border of mandible

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8
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius muscle, middle third of clavicle

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9
Q

Function of trapezius muscle

A

raises shoulders

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10
Q

Function of sternocleidomastoid

A

Unilateral contraction rotates head to opposite side. Bilateral contraction flexes neck toward chest

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11
Q

What are the five groups the contents of the anterior triangles can be divided into?

A

Muscles, nerves, blood vessels, glands, skeletal elements and viscera

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12
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior triangle?

A

Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, infrahyoid (strap) muscles

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13
Q

What is the mylohyoid?

A

The muscles that forms the floor of the mouth and attaches to each side of the mandible

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14
Q

Which muscle of the anterior triangle functions to open the mouth?

A

Anterior belly of digastric

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15
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Very thin muscles that hold the hyoid bone in place

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16
Q

Which muscles make up the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid muscles

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17
Q

What are the skeletal elements of the anterior triangle?

A

thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, hyoid bone, trachea

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18
Q

Which is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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19
Q

Where is the cricoid cartilage located?

A

Inferior to the thyroid cartilage, superior to the trachea

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20
Q

Which is the only laryngeal cartilage to form a complete circle?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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21
Q

What forms the Adam’s apple?

A

The laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage

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22
Q

What structure connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilage?

A

Cricothyroid membrane

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23
Q

Name of the procedure that pierces the cricothyroid membrane to establish an airway in emergencies

A

Cricothyrotomy

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24
Q

Which glands are present in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, submandibular glands

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25
Q

What type of gland is the thyroid gland?

A

endocrine

26
Q

What envelops the thyroid gland?

A

pre-tracheal fascia

27
Q

What is the blood supply of the thyroid gland?

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

28
Q

Where does the superior thyroid artery branch from?

A

external carotid artery

29
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid artery branch from?

A

Thyrocervical trunk

30
Q

Structure of the thyroid gland

A

Butterfly shaped made up of a right and left lobe divided by an isthmus. Pyramidal lobe extends superiorly from the isthmus.

31
Q

Where does the thyroid gland originate from?

A

Foramen caecum of tongue

32
Q

What structure can be present extending from the pyramidal lobe to the hyoid bone?

A

Levator glandulae thyroidae

33
Q

What is the levator glandulae thyroidae?

A

Fibrous tissue that can be present as a remnant of the movement of the thyroid gland from the floor of the mouth to the root of the neck. Can be a site of thyroid cancer.

34
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4 - 2 inferior and 2 superior sets

35
Q

What percentage of the population have more than 4 parathyroid glands?

A

5%

36
Q

Function of parathyroid glands

A

Release parathyroid hormone which increases Ca levels (needed for muscle contraction)

37
Q

What can happen if there is a change in Ca balance?

A

Tetany (involuntary muscle contraction)

38
Q

What must be checked during a thyroidectomy?

A

That parathyroid glands remain in the neck (prevents tetany)

39
Q

What type of secretion is from the parotid gland?

A

serous

40
Q

What type of secretion is from the submandibular gland?

A

Mixed (seromucous)

41
Q

What type of secretion is from the sublingual gland?

A

Mucous

42
Q

Which nerves are found in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Vagus (CN X), phrenic, hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves

43
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the pharynx and larynx?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

44
Q

What are the roots of the phrenic nerve?

A

C3, C4, C5 (keeps the diaphragm alive)

45
Q

Location of hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

A

Below level of the tongue (hypo - low)

46
Q

Function of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

A

motor - innervates muscles of the tongue

47
Q

Function of phrenic nerve

A

innervates diaphragm

48
Q

Which disease involved surgically dividing the phrenic nerve as treatment in the 1950s?

A

For tuberculosis (no longer done - paralyses half the diaphragm - there are 2 phrenic nerves)

49
Q

What blood vessels are found in the anterior triangle?

A

Common carotid artery (bifurcates into internal and external), jugular veins (anterior, internal and external)

50
Q

Which vein in the anterior neck triangle drains the brain?

A

Internal jugular vein (can cause air in brain if air enters)

51
Q

How can the contents of the posterior triangle of the neck be divided?

A

nerves, muscles, vessels, lymph nodes

52
Q

Which nerves are found in the posterior triangle?

A

Accessory nerve (CN XI), parts of the brachial plexus, cutaneous cervical nerves

53
Q

Function of accessory nerve (CN XI)

A

motor - supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

54
Q

Function of the brachial plexus

A

motor and sensory - supplies all muscles and innervation of upper limbs

55
Q

Where does the brachial plexus originate from?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

56
Q

How can the brachial plexus be torn?

A

Twists/injuries/trauma - e.g. motorbike accidents, babies during birth

57
Q

Structure/shape of lymph nodes

A

small oval bean shaped structures

58
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Filter lymph, return to larger veins, offer defence against spread of infection

59
Q

Name the main vein lymph is returned to

A

Left subclavian vein

60
Q

Why is it bad if cancer enters lymph nodes or blood vessels?

A

Cancer will metastasise (spread from one part of the body to another)

61
Q

Where are lymph nodes in the head and neck located?

A

Everywhere - pre/post auricular (occipital nodes), around internal jugular vein

62
Q

Potential causes of swellings in neck?

A

cysts, dental abscess, cancer, swelling from trauma, goitre (enlarged thyroid gland)

BDS1 (66 decks)

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