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BDS1 > Central nervous system > Flashcards

Central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Within which structures do the brain and spinal cord lie?

A

Skull and vertebral canal

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3
Q

What are meninges?

A

Set of 3 membranes that encase the brain and spinal cord, separating them from the walls of their bony cases (skull and vertebral canal). Cerebrospinal fluid is located between the layers.

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4
Q

What are the 3 meninges from superficial to deep?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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5
Q

What are the segments of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal

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6
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Myelinated axons

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7
Q

What does grey matter contain?

A

Neuronal cell bodies

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8
Q

What is the name of the posterior part of the grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal horn

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9
Q

What does the dorsal horn contain?

A

First order afferent neuron terminals and the cell bodies of second order sensory neurons.

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10
Q

What is the name of the anterior part of the grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Ventral horn

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11
Q

What does the ventral horn contain?

A

Cell bodies of motor / efferent neurons

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12
Q

How do sensory / afferent neurons enter the dorsal horn?

A

Via dorsal root

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13
Q

How do motor / efferent neurons leave the ventral horn?

A

Via the ventral root

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14
Q

What are spinal cord tracts?

A

Neural pathways found within the spinal cord white matter. Ascending tracts convey information from the periphery to the brain while descending tracts carry information from the brain to the periphery.

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15
Q

Which regions of the spinal cord have a proportionally greater amount of grey matter?

A

Cervical and lumbar regions

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16
Q

Why do cervical and lumbar regions have a greater amount of grey matter?

A

Due to the innervation of the upper and lower limbs (grey matter contains cell bodies of second-order somatic afferent neurons and somatic efferent neurons - innervate skeletal muscle).

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17
Q

Why do cervical and thoracic regions have relatively more white matter than lumbar and sacral regions?

A

All information to/from the entire body must travel through the cervical region while only information of the lower limbs passes through the sacral region.

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18
Q

Neurons in the reflex pathway

A

(stimulus), sensory, interneuron, motor neuron, (muscle -> response)

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19
Q

Where are interneurons found?

A

In the spinal cord and brain stem (involved in reflexes)

20
Q

Organisation of grey and white matter in the spinal cord

A

Grey matter on the inside, white matter on the outside (stains used may stain myelin, causing opposite appearance)

21
Q

Organisation of grey and white matter in the brain

A

Grey matter on the outside (cerebral cortex), white matter on the inside (distributes information outwards)

22
Q

What are the divisions of the forebrain?

A

Cerebrum and diencephalon

23
Q

Function of the cerebrum

A

language, memory, perceptions, emotions. Sensory and motor functions

24
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

25
Q

Function of the thalamus

A

sensory processing

26
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis (e.g. thermoregulation), emotional responses (e.g. stress), motivation, hormone production and association with pituitary gland, circadian rhythm

27
Q

Parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain and part of hindbrain (pons and medulla oblongata)

28
Q

Function of midbrain

A

visual and auditory reflexes, pain control

29
Q

Divisions of the hindbrain

A

pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum

30
Q

Function of the medulla oblongata

A

Vital centre regulating breathing, heart rate and blood vessels

31
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

controls balance and posture

32
Q

What forms the cerebral cortex?

A

Grey matter

33
Q

What is the name of the brain structure made of white matter?

A

Corpus callosum

34
Q

Where is pons found in the brain?

A

Between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain

35
Q

Lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobe (and insular and limbic lobes)

36
Q

Which lobe is subdivided into 2?

A

Temporal lobe

37
Q

Which lobe is in the anterior part of the brain?

A

Frontal lobe

38
Q

Which lobe is in the posterior part of the brain?

A

Occipital lobe

39
Q

Which lobe is posterior to the frontal lobe and superior to the temporal lobe?

A

Parietal lobe

40
Q

Which lobe is inferior to the parietal lobe?

A

temporal lobe

41
Q

What are the cortical sensory areas in the brain?

A

Auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, visual

42
Q

Where is the somatosensory area located?

A

anterior parietal lobe

43
Q

Where is the visual area located?

A

occipital lobe

44
Q

Function of somatosensory cortex

A

Processes all sensory information in the body

45
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located?

A

superior temporal lobe

46
Q

Where is the gustatory cortex located?

A

In the frontal and insular lobe

47
Q

What is the subcortical part of the brain?

A

islets of grey matter found beneath the cerebral cortex. Made up of the diencephalon, basal ganglia, pituitary gland, limbic structures

BDS1 (50 decks)

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