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BDS1 > Cartilage and bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and bone Flashcards

1
Q

the 4 types of tissue

A

epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

function of skeleton

A

framework to support and protect body and facilitate movement

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3
Q

2 categories of skeleton

A

Appendicular skeleton and axial skeleton

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4
Q

function of appendicular skeleton

A

provide muscle attachment site to facilitate movement

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5
Q

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Limbs - arms and legs

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6
Q

Function of axial skeleton

A

protect organs

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7
Q

what bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of head, vertebrae and ribs

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8
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilages

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9
Q

locations of hyaline cartilage

A

connects ribs to sternum. includes articular cartilages which line bones in joints

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10
Q

Location of elastic cartilage

A

External ear and epiglottis

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11
Q

location of fibrocartilages

A

forms a pad that connects individual vertebrae in the spine

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12
Q

3 features common to all connective tissues

A

ground substance, fibres (elastin and collagen) and cells

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13
Q

Chemical found in ground substance of cartilage

A

Chondroitin sulphate

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14
Q

Function of chondroitin sulphate

A

Resistance to compression

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15
Q

Cells found in cartilage

A

Chondroblasts (synthesis and secrete ECM) and chondrocytes (maintain ECM)

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16
Q

Technical term referring to absence of blood vessels

A

avascular

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17
Q

How is waste/nutrients transported through cartilage? (as it is avascular)

A

diffusion

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18
Q

Hyaline cartilage characteristics

A

smooth and gel-like (lubricating joints), tough and flexible (compression strength)

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19
Q

What component of cartilage makes hyaline cartilage smooth and gel-like?

A

abundance of ground substance

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20
Q

Name of hyaline cartilage found in joints

A

articular cartilage

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21
Q

most abundant fibre in hyaline ECM

A

collagen

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22
Q

Name of dense, fibrous CT that surrounds hyaline cartilage

A

perichondrium

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23
Q

Structure of perichondrium

A

2 layers - outer layer is regular dense CT that attaches cartilage to other tissues, inner layer made of chondroblasts

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24
Q

Difference between hyaline cartilage and articular cartilage

A

Articular cartilage doesn’t contain fibrous outer perichondrium layer

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25
Q

Chain of events that cause chondroblasts to mature

A

Synthesise and secrete ECM until they are encased in matrix. Stop secreting ECM and form chondrocytes (maintain ECM)

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26
Q

Lacunae definition

A

small chamber in matrix that becomes occupied by one or more chondrocytes

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27
Q

Function of elastic cartilage

A

flexible, avascular CT that provides support and resistance to compression

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28
Q

Comparison of hyaline and elastic cartilage

A

similar histologically (perichondrium and lacunae). Elastic has more elastin fibres which makes it more flexible

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29
Q

Which stain is used to visualise elastin?

A

Van Gieson elastic stain (black= elastin)

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30
Q

Which cartilage type has no perichondrium?

A

Fibrocartilage

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31
Q

Physical features of fibrocartilage

A

extremely tough and durable

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32
Q

Structure of fibrocartilage

A

little ground substance, dominated by irregular dense collagen fibres, chondrocytes arranged in rows

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33
Q

Function of fibrocartilage

A

Found in pads between spinal vertebra which connect vertebrae to each other and limit spine movement

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34
Q

Composition of ground substance in bone

A

Chondroitin sulphate, hyaluronic acid. Ground substance is a very small component in bone.

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35
Q

Fibre in bone tissue

A

type 1 collagen

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36
Q

What percentage of bone is made of cells?

A

2%

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37
Q

Cells in bone tissue

A

osteogenic/osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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38
Q

Osteoid definition

A

Unmineralised organic component of ECM (made of collagen and ground substance)

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39
Q

How do osteoids become mineralised?

A

Deposition of hydroxyapatite

40
Q

What makes up hydroxyapatite?

A

Crystals of calcium and phosphate

41
Q

function of hydroxyapatite

A

very brittle so gives bone strength and hardness

42
Q

What percentage of bone is made of osteoids?

A

28%

43
Q

What percentage of bone is made of hydroxyapatite?

A

70%

44
Q

Why are bones organs?

A

Made of bone tissue and several other tissues: CT proper (periosteum), adipose, blood vessels, nervous, articular cartilage

45
Q

Articular cartilage definition

A

modification of hyaline cartilage that lines the end of bones at joints

46
Q

Where is red marrow found?

A

epiphysis (ends)

47
Q

Where is yellow marrow confined?

A

Diphysis (shaft)

48
Q

2 conformations of bone

A

Compact/cortical bone and spongy/trabecular bone

49
Q

What is compact/cortical bone?

A

Dense, smooth, tough outer layer of bone (after periosteum)

50
Q

What is spongy/trabecular bone?

A

Honeycomb structure toward medullar cavity made of interwoven network of bone plates.

51
Q

Purpose of 2 bone confirmations

A

Allows optimum strength for least weight

52
Q

Which is the only bone cell capable of cell division?

A

Osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells

53
Q

Function of osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells

A

repair and maintain bone tissue. they are the bone cell precursors to osteoblasts.

54
Q

function of osteoblasts

A

Synthesise and secrete bone tissue (osteoid). Give rise to osteocytes

55
Q

How do osteoblasts mature?

A

Become encased in ECM so they stop secreting. Trapped in lacunae. Mature to become osteocytes

56
Q

Function of osteocytes

A

maintain mineralised bone tissue

57
Q

Which is the only bone cell from a different lineage? (not derived from osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells)

A

Osteoclasts

58
Q

Which lineage are osteoclasts derived from

A

Monocyte/macrophage lineage

59
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

reabsorbs and recycles bone (phagocytic cells)

60
Q

How are osteoclasts formed?

A

Fusion of many monocyte/macrophage-like cells to form large, multinucleate cells

61
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Outer layer of dense CT in bone

62
Q

What comprises the two layers in periosteum?

A

Outer dense fibrous layer, inner osteogenic/osteoprogenitor layer

63
Q

Name of layers of bone tissue that compact/conical and spongy/trabecular bone is arranged in

A

lamellae

64
Q

How is the lamellae arranged in compact/cortical bone?

A

Beneath periosteum - parallel layers known as circumferential lamellae. but majority is in concentric circles (osteons) with interstitial lamellae between

65
Q

Name of the functional unit of compact/cortical bone / unit of concentric lamellae

A

Osteon (haversian system)

66
Q

What exists at the centre of each osteon?

A

Central canal / Haversian canals

67
Q

What direction do the central canals run in?

A

Longitudinally along entire bone length

68
Q

What is each central canal made up of?

A

Network of blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels

69
Q

Name of smaller canals that connect central canals to the periosteum?

A

Perforating (volkmann’s) canal

70
Q

Function of Perforating/Volkmann’s canal?

A

Supply bone tissue with nutrients

71
Q

Name of layers of bone directly beneath periosteum

A

Circumferential lamellae

72
Q

What is interstitial lamellae?

A

Areas of compact bone that lies between osteons. Remnants of old osteons that have been partially reabsorbed and remodelled.

73
Q

How is a new osteon formed?

A

Osteoclasts migrate to resorb an area of weakened bone (e.g. interstitial lamellae between 3 osteons) to form a channel. New central canal is created. Osteoblasts begin to lay down new bone tissue in concentric circles to form a new osteon. Surrounding osteons may be partially resorbed to create the new, large osteon and the remnants becomes interstitial lamellae.

74
Q

Name of chamber which osteoblasts become trapped in and therefore mature to form osteocytes

A

lacunae

75
Q

how do osteocytes communicate

A

They have numerous extensions in canaliculi (tiny canals which osteocytes reach out to each other).

76
Q

Why can diffusion not occur in bone (unlike cartilage)?

A

Due to presence of hydroxyapatite

77
Q

Structure of spongy/trabecular bone

A

Contains lamellar bone (layered - like cortical/compact bone). Not osteons due to absence of central canal. Woven network of plates.

78
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Spikes in spongy/trabecular bone

79
Q

What occupies the spaces between trabeculae?

A

red and yellow marrow, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics

80
Q

Endosteum definition

A

cellular layer containing osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells that line each trabeculae

81
Q

term for bone formation

A

osteoblastogenesis

82
Q

term for bone resorption

A

osteoclastogenesis

83
Q

term used to describe balance between bone formation and bone resorption

A

coupled

84
Q

factors that influence bone remodelling

A

growth, mechanical stress (e.g. exercise), hormones, immunological

85
Q

examples of hormones that affect bone remodelling

A

oestrogen, parathyroid hormone, calcitriol

86
Q

Effect of periodontitis

A

Loss of periodontal ligament attachment in alveolar bone (causes gingival recession), alveolar bone loss, inflamed gums

87
Q

How does periodontitis arise?

A

Chronic immune response to oral bacteria creates inflammation which increases the presence of immune cells. Inflammatory molecules in the tissue cause monocytes to fuse and differentiate into osteoclasts. no longer balanced numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts - immune-mediated uncoupling of bone remodelling. Increased osteoclastogenesis.

88
Q

What is arthritis?

A

disease that causes inflammation and pain in joints.

89
Q

Name of fluid that bathes joints

A

synovial fluid

90
Q

Two most common forms of arthritis

A

osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

91
Q

What does osteoarthritis affect?

A

Smooth cartilage lining joints roughens and thins out causing bone-on-bone friction. May alter shape of joint.

92
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Autoimmune disease that initially affects synovial fluid. Immune-mediated uncoupling of bone remodelling. Increased osteoclastogenesis, decreased bone volume

93
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Failure of osteoid to mineralise adequately by hydroxyapatite deposition

94
Q

Causes of osteomalacia

A

Lack of calcium and/or phosphate, lack of vit D

95
Q

Effects of osteomalacia

A

Flexible bones (bowlegged shape), weakened bones more prone to fracture, dental abnormalities - enamel hypoplasia and delayed tooth eruption.

96
Q

What is enamel hypoplasia?

A

insufficient enamel on the teeth which is not straight creating a rough surface

BDS1 (24 decks)

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