Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS1 > Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus > Flashcards

Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

Meaning of cervical viscera

A

internal organs in the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 overall functions of cervical visceral

A

Respiratory, Endocrine, Alimentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structure of the pharynx

A

Muscular tube from base of skull to oesophagus (C6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 3 sections of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of pharynx

A

Digestive and respiratory function. Conducts air. Muscles contract to propel food to oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which part of the pharynx is continuous with the nasal cavity?

A

nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which duct drains into the nasal cavity and then into the nasopharynx?

A

Nasolacrimal duct (tear ducts drains from corner of eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which structures are closely associated to the nasopharynx?

A

Opening of auditory tube, tubal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function of auditory tube

A

equalises pressure between inner and outer environment (ear pop)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function of tubal tonsils

A

lymphatic tissue that protects against pathogens entering via nose and ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of pharyngeal tonsils / adenoids

A

Protect against pathogens that enter via nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Location of tubal tonsils

A

Posterior to opening of auditory tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Location of pharyngeal tonsils / adenoids

A

Posterior and superior to nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which tonsils enlarge between the age of 3-8 and regress as immunity develops so that they may not be visible in adults?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Location of oropharynx

A

From soft palate to base of tongue / epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of epiglottis

A

Closes like a flap during deglutition to prevent entry of food to larynx and trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name of the two arches/folds that make up the pillars of fauces

A

Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches/fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Location of palatoglossal arch

A

Anterior arch connecting soft palate to lateral sides of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Function of palatoglossal arch

A

Contains palatoglossus muscle which pulls the soft palate to the tongue when swallowing to prevent the entry of food to nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Location of palatopharyngeal fold

A

Posterior fold which connects soft palate to wall of oropharynx. Located more medially that palatoglossal fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of palatopharyngeal fold

A

Contains palatopharyngeus muscle that tenses soft palate and draws pharynx anteriorly when swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Location of palatine tonsils

A

in tonsillar fossa which is found between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds and the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which tonsils are most affected by a sore throat?

A

Palatine tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the name of the ring of lymphatic tissue found in the soft palate and pharynx?

A

Waldeyer’s ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which tonsils make up Waldeyer’s ring?

A

Palatine, pharyngeal, tubal, lingual tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

A

Posterior third of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Location of laryngopharynx

A

From epiglottis to the level of cricoid cartilage (which is below the thyroid cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which part of the pharynx forms part of the laryngeal inlet?

A

Laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the name of the small depressions on either side of the larynx opening?

A

Piriform fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the Piriform fossa?

A

Most common region (70%) of laryngopharyngeal cancer

31
Q

Which muscles propel food through the pharynx?

A

Superior constrictor, middle constrictor, inferior constrictor muscles

32
Q

Which directions do pharyngeal constrictor muscles run in?

A

circularly on the outside, longitudinally on the inside

33
Q

Arrangement of pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

Like stacked glasses

34
Q

Mode of action of pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

contract sequentially from superior to inferior in order to propel food to oesophagus via peristalsis

35
Q

Which nerve innervates the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

A

Pharyngeal plexus and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)

36
Q

Location of superior constrictor

A

Base of skull and mylohyoid (muscle that form floor of mouth)

37
Q

Where does the middle constrictor originate from?

A

Hyoid bone

38
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

U-shaped bone in anterior neck not attached to other bones, only ligaments and muscle attachment.

39
Q

Where does the inferior constrictor originate from?

A

From the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage in the larynx

40
Q

What are the motor nerves that supply muscles of the pharynx?

A

Vagus (CN X) except stylopharyngeus (CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve) and one tensor (veli palatini CN V - trigeminal nerve)

41
Q

What is the main sensory nerve of the pharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

42
Q

What is the main structure innervating the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus (made of glossopharyngeal CN IX, vagus CN X, maxillary CNII nerves)

43
Q

Name of posterior attachment of pharyngeal constrictors

A

Pharyngeal raphe

44
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Middle ear infection in which auditory tube becomes blocked an inflamed. More common in children as they have a shorter auditory tube.

45
Q

Which tonsils are most commonly affected by tonsilitis?

A

Palatine tonsils

46
Q

Cause of tonsillitis

A

bacterial or viral infection

47
Q

Damage to which structures must be avoided during a tonsillectomy?

A

External palatine vein, tonsillar artery, internal carotid artery, glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

48
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

A 20-25cm muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach

49
Q

Location of oesophagus

A

Lies in the neck, thorax and abdomen posterior to the trachea and heart.

50
Q

Which structure can impact the size of the oesophagus?

A

The trachea - as it expands during inhalation the oesophagus can become compressed

51
Q

At which point does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A

Oesophageal hiatus (about tenth thoracic vertebrae)

52
Q

Name of sphincters in the oesophagus

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter and lower oesophageal sphincter (prevent back flow of bolus)

53
Q

What makes up the upper oesophageal sphincter?

A

Fibres from inferior constrictor muscle and skeletal muscle (despite being involuntary)

54
Q

Which feature of the lower oesophageal sphincter supports its function/physiology?

A

Angle at which oesophagus connects to stomach

55
Q

Alternative names of the lower oesophageal sphincter

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter, cardiac sphincter

56
Q

layers of the oesophagus

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa (containing submucosal glands), muscularis propria

57
Q

Why is the oesophageal epithelium stratified, squamous and non-keratinised?

A

Stays moist to lubricate movement of food. Multiple layers protect against mechanical damage

58
Q

Function of muscularis mucosae

A

Enhances nutrient supply and aids secretion via small movements

59
Q

Structure of muscularis propria

A

Inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer of muscle

60
Q

What are the muscle types in the oesophagus?

A

Transitions from skeletal in upper third, to mixed in middle, smooth in lower third

61
Q

Which glands are found in the submucosa of the oesophagus?

A

Mucus secreting glands

62
Q

Clinical relevance of dysfunction of the lower oesophageal sphincter?

A

Can cause Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)

63
Q

What can GORD result in?

A

Metaplasia, Barrett’s oesophagus, dysplasia, oesophageal cancer

64
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

abrupt change in epithelium type

65
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

When oesophageal epithelium changes from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium

66
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

abnormal cell growth resulting in unequal cell size, excess pigment and higher mitotic figures. Dysplasia increases the risk of oesophageal carcinoma.

67
Q

2 roles of deglutition

A

moves food to stomach and prevents entry to airway

68
Q

Oral phase of deglutition

A

Food is moved posteriorly to pharyngeal surface of tongue approaching oropharynx. Liquid remains infront of pillars before being swallowed.

69
Q

Pharyngeal phase of deglutition

A

The bolus moves from the oropharynx to the laryngopharynx via contraction of 3 constrictor muscles. Soft palate rises, epiglottis is depressed (closes), vocal cords contract using pharyngeal constrictors. Prevents entry to larynx. UOS relaxes to allow passage into oesophagus.

70
Q

Oesophageal phase of deglutition

A

UOS constricts pushing bolus down. Peristalsis as oesophagus constricts above the bolus and dilates and shortens below it. LOS relaxes - angle allows controlled movement into cardia.

71
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

72
Q

Causes of dysphasia

A

Neuromuscular disease of the constrictor muscles (MS, stroke). Obstruction from srictures (scarring from chronic inflammation), tumours, developmental abnormality e.g. fistula.

73
Q

3 possible tracheo-oesophageal fistula

A
  1. lower oesophagus connects with trachea instead of upper oesophagus
  2. oesophagus forms in two parts from the pharynx and the stomach but don’t meet
  3. oesophagus connected to trachea - food passes into trachea causing choking, swollen abdomen, blue, frothing at mouth.
74
Q

Fistula definition

A

Abnormal connection between 2 epithelial lined hollowed organs e.g. blood vessels, intestines

BDS1 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions