Connective tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle

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2
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

provide structure and function to organs and other tissues

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3
Q

Connective tissues in the head of femur

A

articular cartilage, periosteum, cortical/compact bone, spongy/trabecular bone, fatty marrow (adipose)

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4
Q

How does the structure of tendons reflect their function?

A

Dense, fibres run in parallel. High tensile strength to transfer force of muscle contraction to bone.

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5
Q

Structure of a kidney tubule

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium resting on a basement membrane (CT composed of collagen fibres)

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6
Q

3 main components of connective tissue

A

Ground substance, fibres, cells

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7
Q

What do the fibres and ground substance form?

A

Extracellular matrix

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8
Q

Functions of ground substance

A

Provides structural and biochemical support, water-binding ability (tissue volume) and supports intercellular exchange of substances via diffusion.

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9
Q

What is ground substance composed of?

A

Glycoproteins and complex carbohydrates (e.g. hyaluronic acid, glucosamine) - forms clear, semi-solid gel

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10
Q

Function of fibres

A

Provide tensile strength and structural integrity (supporting framework for ground substance and cells)

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11
Q

2 main types of fibres

A

collagen and elastin

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12
Q

How does the structure of elastin relate to its function?

A

Fibres are long and branched which provide stretch and recoil ability.

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13
Q

Which cells synthesise and secrete collagen and elastin into the ECM?

A

Fibroblasts

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14
Q

Where is type I collagen found?

A

Fibrous tissues (dermis of skin, tendons, ligaments, bone)

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15
Q

Where is type II collagen found?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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16
Q

Structure and location of type III collagen?

A

Delicate branched ‘reticular’ network found in highly cellular organs (liver, lymph nodes)

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17
Q

Which organs is elastin found in?

A

Blood vessels, skin, bladder, lungs

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17
Q

Function of connective tissue cells

A

to synthesise, secrete, recycle ECM (ground substance and fibres)

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17
Q

What suffix is given to cells that synthesise and secrete the ECM?

A

-blasts

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18
Q

What suffix is given to cells that maintain the ECM?

A

-cytes

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19
Q

What suffix is given to cells that recycle/breakdown the ECM?

A

-clasts

20
Q

Function of odontoblasts

A

Synthesise dentin in teeth

21
Q

Highly vascularised meaning

A

Contain lots of blood vessels and lymph vessels therefore immune cells are present.

22
Q

All connective tissue is highly vascularised except:

A

cartilage, tendons and ligaments (very few)

23
Q

Consequence of not being vascularised

A

Tissue cannot repair itself / very slow

24
Q

3 classification classes of connective tissues

A
  • connective tissue proper
  • skeletal connective tissue (cartilage, bone)
  • fluid connective tissue (blood, lymph)
25
Q

How is connective tissue proper subdivided?

A

Loose (few fibres, more ground substance) and dense (more fibres, less ground substance)

26
Q

What is areolar tissue?

A

Loose arrangement of collagen and/or elastin fibres. Packing material - supports and binds other tissues

27
Q

Location of areolar tissue

A

beneath skin, submucosa, surrounding capillaries

28
Q

structure of adipose tissue

A

loose connective tissue made of adipocytes found in isolation or in clusters throughout fibrous CT. Adipocytes hold lipid droplet in centre of cell (lipid removed in tissue preparation)

29
Q

Function of adipose tissue

A

energy storage, shock absorption, insulation

30
Q

Location of adipose tissue

A

deep layers of dermis, breasts, abdomen, hand and foot pads.

31
Q

Structure of reticular tissue

A

Loose arrangement of delicately branched (type III) collagen fibres

32
Q

Function of reticular tissue

A

Supporting network to highly cellular organs (liver, lymph nodes, spleen - e.g. creates a fine scaffold to support hepatocytes)

33
Q

3 examples of loose connective tissue proper

A

Areolar, adipose, reticular tissue

34
Q

3 examples of dense connective tissue proper

A

Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic tissue

35
Q

Structure and function of dense regular tissue?

A

Dense arrangement of collagen fibres running in same direction. Provides tensile strength.

36
Q

Where is dense regular tissue found?

A

tendons and ligaments

37
Q

Structure and function of dense irregular tissue

A

Dense arrangement of collagen and elastin fibres in random orientation. Provides strength, stretch and recoil in multiple directions.

38
Q

Where is dense irregular tissue found?

A

dermis of skin, protective capsule around organs

39
Q

Structure and function of elastic tissue

A

Dense arrangement of elastic and collagen fibres. Allows stretch and recoil of tissues.

40
Q

Where is elastic tissue found?

A

arteries, lungs, under transitional epithelium in the bladder

41
Q

Cause of scurvy

A

lack of vitamin C

42
Q

Effects of scurvy

A

defective collagen formation - loose teeth/periodontitis, skin haemorrhages/poor wound healing, weakness, anaemia

43
Q

Treatment of scurvy

A

Vit C supplements, high vit C diet (tomatoes, citrus fruits)

44
Q

The triple-helical structure of collagen arises from the unusual abundance of which 3 amino acids?

A

Glycine, proline, hydroxyproline

45
Q

How does vit C affect collagen synthesis?

A

Vit C is a co-factor for hydroxylase enzymes which catalyse the addition of OH to proline to form hydroxyproline. In vit C deficient cells, collagen is insufficiently hydroxylated so alpha-helix chains can’t form.

46
Q

What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (SLE)?

A

Autoimmune disease targeting skin, bones, tendons and kidneys

47
Q

What are autoantibodies?

A

Antibodies that incorrectly target host cells (autoimmune)

48
Q

Head and neck symptoms of lupus

A

Oral: dryness, soreness, buccal and palatal lesions. Butterfly erythema - redness across cheeks and nose.

49
Q

What is Sjogren’s?

A

Autoimmune disease - antibodies target tear and salivary glands.

50
Q

Symptoms of Sjogren’s

A

dry eyes and mouth. increased dental caries and candidiasis (less saliva -> fewer antimicrobial proteins -> more fungi/bacteria)