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BDS1 > Endocrine and exocrine glands > Flashcards

Endocrine and exocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

What cells make up glands?

A

Epithelial cells that produce secretions - ectodermal origin

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2
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands that produce secretions that are released into surrounding interstitial fluid which then enter the bloodstream via fenestrated capillaries.

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3
Q

Example of endocrine gland being part of an epithelial surface

A

lining of digestive tract contains G cells that produce gastrin

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4
Q

Examples of endocrine glands being separate organs

A

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas

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5
Q

3 patterns of hormone secretion

A

chronic, acute, episodic

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6
Q

What is chronic hormone secretion?

A

Same amount of hormone secreted at regular intervals e.g. growth hormones like thyroxine

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7
Q

What is acute hormone secretion?

A

Large amount of hormone secreted at a particular time according to stimulus e.g. adrenaline/epinephrine

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8
Q

What is episodic hormone secretion?

A

Hormone secretion follows particular episode e.g. insulin secretion after meals

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9
Q

3 ways in which hormone secretion is regulated

A

humoral (blood-borne molecules e.g. blood glucose), neural, hormonal

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10
Q

What is an example of humoral regulation of hormone secretions?

A

High blood glucose levels stimulate insulin secretion

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11
Q

What is an example of neural regulation of hormonal secretion?

A

Sympathetic NS stimulates adrenaline release

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12
Q

What is n example of hormonal regulation of hormone secretion?

A

Hormones from the pituitary gland stimulate testes to make testosterone

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13
Q

3 classes of hormones

A

Protein/polypeptides, steroids, tyrosine derivatives

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14
Q

What class of hormones are secreted from the pancreas and parathyroid glands?

A

protein and polypeptide

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15
Q

what class of hormone is released from the adrenal cortex, ovaries, placenta?

A

steroids

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16
Q

what molecule are steroid hormones derived from?

A

cholesterol

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17
Q

What class of hormone is released from adrenal medulla and thyroid?

A

tyrosine

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18
Q

Structure of the thyroid

A

Made of 2 lobes joined by isthmus. 4 parathyroid glands sit in each corner of the thyroid gland and are separated from the thyroid by fibrous tissue capsule.

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19
Q

What components make up the thyroid gland (histology)?

A

Follicles containing colloid which is lined by follicular epithelium. C cells (parafollicular cells). Blood vessels

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20
Q

Function of endocrine glands

A

regulate bodily functions and maintain homeostasis

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21
Q

What epithelium type is the follicular epithelium in the thyroid gland?

A

Simple cuboidal (when active they come columnar and larger).

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22
Q

Function of C cells (Clear/parafollicular)

A

Produce calcitonin

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23
Q

Function of calcitonin

A

regulates Ca levels in the body. Calcitonin is released to reduce the Ca level when it is too high in the blood.

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24
Q

What proportion of the thyroid gland is made up of C cells?

A

10%

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25
Q

What is colloid?

A

A fluid containing the prehormone thyroglobulin

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26
Q

Which hormones is thyroglobulin used to synthesis?

A

Thyroxine T4 and Tri-iodothyronine T£

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27
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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28
Q

What is the function the parathyroid hormone?

A

Calcium regulation. When Ca level is low, parathyroid hormone is released which activates osteoclasts. Rate of bone breakdown increases so Ca level in the blood increases.

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29
Q

In which way are calcitonin and parathyroid hormone antagonistic?

A

Calcitonin decreases Ca levels in the blood while parathyroid hormone increases Ca levels. Work together to keep Ca concentration within the normal range.

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30
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

breakdown/recycle bone to increase minerals in the blood

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31
Q

What is the term given when more parathyroid hormone is produced than needed?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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32
Q

What is a consequence of hyperthyroidism?

A

Bone loss, weakened bone, bone lesions

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33
Q

Possible causes of hyperthyroidism

A

Benign tumour (more cells = more secretions), chronic kidney disease

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34
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen on osteoclasts?

A

Oestrogen inhibits osteoclasts therefore in post-menopausal women, osteoclasts are more active leading to an increased risk of osteoporosis

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35
Q

Which 3 substances affect calcium metabolism?

A

Calcitonin (decrease Ca conc), parathyroid hormone (increase Ca conc), vitamin D

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36
Q

Which cell types are found in the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief cells, oxyphil cells, adipocytes

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37
Q

Which cell type forms the majority of the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief cells (granular appearance)

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38
Q

Function of chief cells

A

synthesise and secrete PTH (granular appearance probably due to organelles)

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39
Q

What are oxyphil cells?

A

Found in clusters in parathyroid gland. They are a transitional form of chief cells containing numerous mitochondria. Unclear function

40
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Secretions released by secretory cells into ducts which open up onto an epithelial surface

41
Q

How can exocrine glands be classified?

A

By structure or by secretion method

42
Q

What are the categories for classifying exocrine glands by structure?

A

Unicellular or multicellular glands (secretory sheet or pockets with ducts)

43
Q

What is a simple exocrine gland?

A

A multicellular gland with a single duct - the secretory portion can vary.

44
Q

What are the different possible simple exocrine glands?

A

simple - tubular, branched tubular, coiled tubular, acinar, branched acinar.

45
Q

What is a compound exocrine gland?

A

A multicellular gland where the main duct branches into multiple secondary ducts. Each secretary portion can be different e.g. compound tubuloacinar.

46
Q

What are the possible compound exocrine glands?

A

Compound - tubular, acinar, tubuloacinar (all are branched - otherwise would just be simple branched –)

47
Q

What does an acinar secretory portion resemble?

A

Grape

48
Q

What surrounds branched exocrine glands?

A

Fibrous tissue capsule

49
Q

alternative name for glandular tissue

A

parenchyma

50
Q

Septa definition

A

bundles of fibres that extend from the fibrous tissue capsule into the gland to divide it

51
Q

How is glandular tissue divided?

A

glandular tissue divided into lobes by interlobar septa. Lobes further divided into lobules by intralobular septa

52
Q

Which structures do exocrine ducts extend along?

A

Interlobar and intralobular ducts

53
Q

Which epithelium lines interlobar ducts?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

54
Q

Which epithelium lines intralobular ducts?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

55
Q

Which epithelium lines striated ducts?

A

Simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium

56
Q

Which epithelium lines intercalated ducts?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

57
Q

Which cells lie between the secretory cells and the basal lamina?

A

myoepithelial cells

58
Q

function of myoepithelial cells

A

contract and squeeze the secretions from the acini along the duct

59
Q

What are the 3 categories used to classify exocrine glands by secretions?

A

Merocrine gland
Apocrine gland
Holocrine gland

60
Q

How are secretions released in a merocrine gland?

A

Vesicles containing secretory product move towards the gland surface and release product into the duct by exocytosis

61
Q

How are secretions released in an apocrine gland?

A

The apical part of the cell containing the secretory product breaks off into the duct

62
Q

How are secretions released in a holocrine gland?

A

The entire cell sheds into the duct and dies to release the secretory product.

63
Q

What are the 3 types of secretions?

A

Serous, mucous, seromucous (mixed)

64
Q

What are serous secretions?

A

Watery secretions containing enzymes

65
Q

What are mucous secretions?

A

Mucins are secreted which hydrate to form mucous

66
Q

What are the 3 major pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

67
Q

What conditions can both major and minor salivary glands be affected by?

A

Disease, medication side effects - xerostomia, tumours

68
Q

How do the colour of mucous acini and serous acini differ in H&E staining?

A

Mucous acini is paler due to mucous.

69
Q

Why do serous acini have a granular cytoplasm?

A

Lots of organelles due to high enzyme production

70
Q

How does the shape and arrangement of the nuclei in mucous acini differ compared to serous acini?

A

In mucous acini, the nuclei are flattened and peripherally arranged, pressing close to the basal lamina. Serous acini have rounder nuclei.

71
Q

Example of a gland that is both exocrine and endocrine

A

pancreas

72
Q

What is the structure of the exocrine pancreatic gland?

A

Branched tubuloacinar gland

73
Q

What are the 4 components the pancreas is divided up into?

A

Head, neck, body, tail

74
Q

What is the functional unit of the pancreatic exocrine gland?

A

Acinus

75
Q

Does the pancreas contain myoepithelial cells or striated ducts?

A

no

76
Q

Examples of enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas

A

proteases and amylases

77
Q

What portion of the pancreas has an endocrine function?

A

2% (exo is bulk)

78
Q

What is the name of the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

islets of Langerhans

79
Q

Which hormone is produced by Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans?

A

Insulin

80
Q

Which hormone is produced by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans?

A

Glucagon

81
Q

Which 2 peptide hormones are produced by delta cells in the islets of Langerhans?

A

Somatostatin and gastrin

82
Q

Which cell type in the islets of Langerhans produced pancreatic polypeptide (hormone)?

A

F cells (PP/gamma)

83
Q

What are some diseases of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic cancer, Cystic Fibrosis, Diabetes mellitus

84
Q

Which portion of the pancreas can pancreatic cancer affect?

A

Endocrine or exocrine portion

85
Q

Which portion of the pancreas does cystic fibrosis affect?

A

Exocrine - secretions become very thick and stagnate in ducts.

86
Q

Which portion of the pancreas does diabetes mellitus affect?

A

Endocrine

87
Q

What results in type 1 diabetes?

A

Autoimmune disease that destroys beta cells. The patient is insulin dependent. (5-10% of diabetics)

88
Q

What results in type 2 diabetes?

A

Tissues become insulin resistant

89
Q

What are some oral effects of diabetes

A

Periodontitis, dry mouth, susceptibility to infections (e.g. thrush/ oral fungal infection)

90
Q

endocrinopathies definition

A

disorders of the endocrine system

91
Q

Hypofunction of endocrine gland definition

A

reduced hormone release

92
Q

Hyperfunction of endocrine gland definition

A

excessive hormone release

93
Q

Hormone resistance causes

A

cells resistant e.g. diabetes mellitus 2, hormone action blocked by autoimmune response, hormone receptor blocked

94
Q

Causes of hypofunction of endocrine gland

A

smaller gland than normal, tumour/infection/autoimmune process has compromised the gland structure

95
Q

what are the 3 main endocrinopathies

A

hypofunction, hyperfunction, hormone resistance

96
Q

Possible health conditions that may cause endocrine changes

A

pregnancy, stress, obesity, menopause

BDS1 (50 decks)

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