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Endocrine and exocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

What cells make up glands?

A

Epithelial cells that produce secretions - ectodermal origin

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2
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands that produce secretions that are released into surrounding interstitial fluid which then enter the bloodstream via fenestrated capillaries.

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3
Q

Example of endocrine gland being part of an epithelial surface

A

lining of digestive tract contains G cells that produce gastrin

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4
Q

Examples of endocrine glands being separate organs

A

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas

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5
Q

3 patterns of hormone secretion

A

chronic, acute, episodic

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6
Q

What is chronic hormone secretion?

A

Same amount of hormone secreted at regular intervals e.g. growth hormones like thyroxine

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7
Q

What is acute hormone secretion?

A

Large amount of hormone secreted at a particular time according to stimulus e.g. adrenaline/epinephrine

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8
Q

What is episodic hormone secretion?

A

Hormone secretion follows particular episode e.g. insulin secretion after meals

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9
Q

3 ways in which hormone secretion is regulated

A

humoral (blood-borne molecules e.g. blood glucose), neural, hormonal

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10
Q

What is an example of humoral regulation of hormone secretions?

A

High blood glucose levels stimulate insulin secretion

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11
Q

What is an example of neural regulation of hormonal secretion?

A

Sympathetic NS stimulates adrenaline release

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12
Q

What is n example of hormonal regulation of hormone secretion?

A

Hormones from the pituitary gland stimulate testes to make testosterone

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13
Q

3 classes of hormones

A

Protein/polypeptides, steroids, tyrosine derivatives

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14
Q

What class of hormones are secreted from the pancreas and parathyroid glands?

A

protein and polypeptide

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15
Q

what class of hormone is released from the adrenal cortex, ovaries, placenta?

A

steroids

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16
Q

what molecule are steroid hormones derived from?

A

cholesterol

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17
Q

What class of hormone is released from adrenal medulla and thyroid?

A

tyrosine

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18
Q

Structure of the thyroid

A

Made of 2 lobes joined by isthmus. 4 parathyroid glands sit in each corner of the thyroid gland and are separated from the thyroid by fibrous tissue capsule.

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19
Q

What components make up the thyroid gland (histology)?

A

Follicles containing colloid which is lined by follicular epithelium. C cells (parafollicular cells). Blood vessels

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20
Q

Function of endocrine glands

A

regulate bodily functions and maintain homeostasis

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21
Q

What epithelium type is the follicular epithelium in the thyroid gland?

A

Simple cuboidal (when active they come columnar and larger).

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22
Q

Function of C cells (Clear/parafollicular)

A

Produce calcitonin

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23
Q

Function of calcitonin

A

regulates Ca levels in the body. Calcitonin is released to reduce the Ca level when it is too high in the blood.

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24
Q

What proportion of the thyroid gland is made up of C cells?

A

10%

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25
What is colloid?
A fluid containing the prehormone thyroglobulin
26
Which hormones is thyroglobulin used to synthesis?
Thyroxine T4 and Tri-iodothyronine T£
27
Which hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland?
Parathyroid hormone
28
What is the function the parathyroid hormone?
Calcium regulation. When Ca level is low, parathyroid hormone is released which activates osteoclasts. Rate of bone breakdown increases so Ca level in the blood increases.
29
In which way are calcitonin and parathyroid hormone antagonistic?
Calcitonin decreases Ca levels in the blood while parathyroid hormone increases Ca levels. Work together to keep Ca concentration within the normal range.
30
What is the function of osteoclasts?
breakdown/recycle bone to increase minerals in the blood
31
What is the term given when more parathyroid hormone is produced than needed?
Hyperparathyroidism
32
What is a consequence of hyperthyroidism?
Bone loss, weakened bone, bone lesions
33
Possible causes of hyperthyroidism
Benign tumour (more cells = more secretions), chronic kidney disease
34
What is the effect of oestrogen on osteoclasts?
Oestrogen inhibits osteoclasts therefore in post-menopausal women, osteoclasts are more active leading to an increased risk of osteoporosis
35
Which 3 substances affect calcium metabolism?
Calcitonin (decrease Ca conc), parathyroid hormone (increase Ca conc), vitamin D
36
Which cell types are found in the parathyroid gland?
Chief cells, oxyphil cells, adipocytes
37
Which cell type forms the majority of the parathyroid gland?
Chief cells (granular appearance)
38
Function of chief cells
synthesise and secrete PTH (granular appearance probably due to organelles)
39
What are oxyphil cells?
Found in clusters in parathyroid gland. They are a transitional form of chief cells containing numerous mitochondria. Unclear function
40
What are exocrine glands?
Secretions released by secretory cells into ducts which open up onto an epithelial surface
41
How can exocrine glands be classified?
By structure or by secretion method
42
What are the categories for classifying exocrine glands by structure?
Unicellular or multicellular glands (secretory sheet or pockets with ducts)
43
What is a simple exocrine gland?
A multicellular gland with a single duct - the secretory portion can vary.
44
What are the different possible simple exocrine glands?
simple - tubular, branched tubular, coiled tubular, acinar, branched acinar.
45
What is a compound exocrine gland?
A multicellular gland where the main duct branches into multiple secondary ducts. Each secretary portion can be different e.g. compound tubuloacinar.
46
What are the possible compound exocrine glands?
Compound - tubular, acinar, tubuloacinar (all are branched - otherwise would just be simple branched --)
47
What does an acinar secretory portion resemble?
Grape
48
What surrounds branched exocrine glands?
Fibrous tissue capsule
49
alternative name for glandular tissue
parenchyma
50
Septa definition
bundles of fibres that extend from the fibrous tissue capsule into the gland to divide it
51
How is glandular tissue divided?
glandular tissue divided into lobes by interlobar septa. Lobes further divided into lobules by intralobular septa
52
Which structures do exocrine ducts extend along?
Interlobar and intralobular ducts
53
Which epithelium lines interlobar ducts?
Stratified columnar epithelium
54
Which epithelium lines intralobular ducts?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
55
Which epithelium lines striated ducts?
Simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium
56
Which epithelium lines intercalated ducts?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
57
Which cells lie between the secretory cells and the basal lamina?
myoepithelial cells
58
function of myoepithelial cells
contract and squeeze the secretions from the acini along the duct
59
What are the 3 categories used to classify exocrine glands by secretions?
Merocrine gland Apocrine gland Holocrine gland
60
How are secretions released in a merocrine gland?
Vesicles containing secretory product move towards the gland surface and release product into the duct by exocytosis
61
How are secretions released in an apocrine gland?
The apical part of the cell containing the secretory product breaks off into the duct
62
How are secretions released in a holocrine gland?
The entire cell sheds into the duct and dies to release the secretory product.
63
What are the 3 types of secretions?
Serous, mucous, seromucous (mixed)
64
What are serous secretions?
Watery secretions containing enzymes
65
What are mucous secretions?
Mucins are secreted which hydrate to form mucous
66
What are the 3 major pairs of salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
67
What conditions can both major and minor salivary glands be affected by?
Disease, medication side effects - xerostomia, tumours
68
How do the colour of mucous acini and serous acini differ in H&E staining?
Mucous acini is paler due to mucous.
69
Why do serous acini have a granular cytoplasm?
Lots of organelles due to high enzyme production
70
How does the shape and arrangement of the nuclei in mucous acini differ compared to serous acini?
In mucous acini, the nuclei are flattened and peripherally arranged, pressing close to the basal lamina. Serous acini have rounder nuclei.
71
Example of a gland that is both exocrine and endocrine
pancreas
72
What is the structure of the exocrine pancreatic gland?
Branched tubuloacinar gland
73
What are the 4 components the pancreas is divided up into?
Head, neck, body, tail
74
What is the functional unit of the pancreatic exocrine gland?
Acinus
75
Does the pancreas contain myoepithelial cells or striated ducts?
no
76
Examples of enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas
proteases and amylases
77
What portion of the pancreas has an endocrine function?
2% (exo is bulk)
78
What is the name of the endocrine portion of the pancreas?
islets of Langerhans
79
Which hormone is produced by Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans?
Insulin
80
Which hormone is produced by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans?
Glucagon
81
Which 2 peptide hormones are produced by delta cells in the islets of Langerhans?
Somatostatin and gastrin
82
Which cell type in the islets of Langerhans produced pancreatic polypeptide (hormone)?
F cells (PP/gamma)
83
What are some diseases of the pancreas?
Pancreatic cancer, Cystic Fibrosis, Diabetes mellitus
84
Which portion of the pancreas can pancreatic cancer affect?
Endocrine or exocrine portion
85
Which portion of the pancreas does cystic fibrosis affect?
Exocrine - secretions become very thick and stagnate in ducts.
86
Which portion of the pancreas does diabetes mellitus affect?
Endocrine
87
What results in type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune disease that destroys beta cells. The patient is insulin dependent. (5-10% of diabetics)
88
What results in type 2 diabetes?
Tissues become insulin resistant
89
What are some oral effects of diabetes
Periodontitis, dry mouth, susceptibility to infections (e.g. thrush/ oral fungal infection)
90
endocrinopathies definition
disorders of the endocrine system
91
Hypofunction of endocrine gland definition
reduced hormone release
92
Hyperfunction of endocrine gland definition
excessive hormone release
93
Hormone resistance causes
cells resistant e.g. diabetes mellitus 2, hormone action blocked by autoimmune response, hormone receptor blocked
94
Causes of hypofunction of endocrine gland
smaller gland than normal, tumour/infection/autoimmune process has compromised the gland structure
95
what are the 3 main endocrinopathies
hypofunction, hyperfunction, hormone resistance
96
Possible health conditions that may cause endocrine changes
pregnancy, stress, obesity, menopause

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