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BDS1 > Introduction to Cells > Flashcards

Introduction to Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Features all cell types posses (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)

A

Cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes

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2
Q

Function of plasma membrane

A

A partially permeable barrier between the cytoplasm and external environment that allows movement of few molecules via simple / facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport and exo/endocytosis. Retains most organically produced chemicals within the cell. Involved in cell communication using cell-surface receptors.

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3
Q

Structure of plasma membrane

A

Lipid bilayer consisting of phospholipids (hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail), cholesterol (embedded in inner area of bilayer and provides membrane integrity which prevents lysis), and proteins (transport of molecules).

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4
Q

Phospholipid structure

A

Hydrophilic head consists of choline, phosphate and glycerol. Hydrophobic tail made of two fatty acid chains linked to glycerol by ester bond.

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5
Q

Cell membrane pathologies

A

Haemoglobinopathies (sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia) which hereditary. Alterations in organisation of lipid bilayer phospholipids decreases RBC lifespan and they are not as effectively replaced.

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6
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double-membrane structure which RNA can pass but not DNA

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7
Q

Nucleolus function

A

Where ribosomes are produced.

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8
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Protein translation. 80S ribosomes in eukaryotes and 70S in prokaryotes.

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9
Q

Ribosome structure

A

Made of a large and small subunit and central protuberance. A site (aminoacyl tRNA binding site) where appropriate amino acid is attached. P site (peptidyl-tRNA binding site) where amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain. E site is exit site. mRNA binding site.

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10
Q

Ribosome pathologies

A

Ribosomopathies were originally thought to be fatal. Many ribosomopathies are due to defects in ribosome synthesis and are rare.

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11
Q

Example of a ribosome pathology

A

Treacher Collins Syndrome (TSC) which causes abnormal craniofacial development.

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12
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

Mesh of interconnected membranes which are involved in protein synthesis and transport. The nuclear envelope is connected to the RER which is connected to the SER.

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13
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function

A

Production of proteins, ‘tags’ proteins for appropriate cell distribution, and post-translational modification (correct folding which is crucial for function).

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14
Q

Proteins produced by the RER

A

Lysosomal (hydrolytic) enzymes, secreted proteins (extracellular), membrane proteins.

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15
Q

Main function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Manufacture of lipids

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16
Q

Specialised function of SER in hepatocytes

A

SER is more abundant. Glycogenolysis - breaks down glycogen to glucose.

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17
Q

Specialised function of SER in adrenal cortex

A

Produces steroid hormones

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18
Q

Specialised function of SER in muscle

A

In the form of sarcoplasmic reticulum which stores Ca2+. The orderly release of Ca2+ triggers muscle contraction.

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19
Q

The role of SER in the detox stop

A

Detoxifies organic chemicals (e.g. alcohol) by converting them into safer water-soluble products. E.g. in hepatocytes the SER can double its SA and then return to its normal size once the assault has subsided.

20
Q

The result of endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction

A

defective folding and processing of proteins

21
Q

What is ER dysfunction associated with?

A

Ageing and numerous neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and epilepsy.

22
Q

How do correctly folded proteins move from the ER to the Golgi?

A

Transport vesicles

23
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Further post-translational modification of proteins, stores proteins and packages proteins into vesicles which are transported.

24
Q

3 possible Golgi dysfunctions

A
  • Impaired trafficking (transport) of proteins through Golgi
  • impairments in post-translational modification capacity
  • loss of functionality due to mutation of proteins that make up the Golgi.
25
Q

Effect of impaired protein trafficking in Golgi

A

If proteins which are important in making myelin are not correctly transported, this results in hypomyelinating disorders (e.g. cataracts)

26
Q

Effect of impaired post-translation modification in the Golgi

A

Results in defective glycosylation disorders (glycoproteins and glycolipids) which cause a range of pathologies affecting multiple organs.

27
Q

Pathology caused by loss of Golgi function due to mutated proteins that make up the Golgi

A

Muscular dystrophy

28
Q

Vacuoles formation and structure

A

Single-membrane organelle formed by fusion of multiple vesicles.

29
Q

Vacuoles function

A

Storage area - essentially part of external environment located within the cell.

30
Q

Function of Vesicles

A

Transport substances within the cell and to the outside of the cell (exocytosis)

31
Q

Formation of lysosomes

A

Large vesicles formed by the Golgi apparatus

32
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Contain hydrolytic enzymes which breakdown/digest extracellular / foreign materials and worn out cell components.

33
Q

Name of the membrane system that make up organelles and allows compartmentalisation

A

endomembrane system

34
Q

Origin of mitochondria

A

endosymbiotic theory - bacteria-like organisms incorporated into eukaryotic cells. Therefore contain own mDNA (maternal)

35
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Site of energy release and ATP formation via aerobic respiration following glycolysis in cytoplasm.

36
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A

Outer membrane is smooth while inner membrane is folded into cristae (surface where ATP is generated during oxidative phosphorylation). Contains matrix.

37
Q

Cause of mitochondrial dysfunction

A

Mutations in mtDNA

38
Q

Diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction

A

Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, diabetes, CVD, stoke, autoimmune diseases (Sjogren’s syndrome - dry mouth), cancer.

39
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasmic streaming - facilitates transport of material around cell (not static)

40
Q

Name of fluid that makes up cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

41
Q

4 functions of cytoskeleton

A
  • maintains cell shape
  • anchors organelles
  • moves cell (cilia, flagella)
  • controls internal movement of organelles
42
Q

Structure of cytoskeleton

A

made up of 3 fibrous proteins
- microfilaments: actin monomer
- intermediate filament: fibrous subunit
- microtubule: tubulin

43
Q

Function of actin monomer (microfilaments) in cytoskeleton

A
  • maintain cell shape
  • muscle contraction
  • cytoplasmic streaming
  • cell division
44
Q

Function of fibrous subunit (intermediate filament) in cytoskeleton

A
  • maintain cell shape
  • anchors nucleus
  • nuclear lamina (inside nucleus)
45
Q

Function of tubulin (microtubule) in cytoskeleton

A
  • cell motility (cilia and flagella)
  • chromosome movement
  • organelle movement

BDS1 (26 decks)

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