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BDS1 > Introduction to immunity and pathology > Flashcards

Introduction to immunity and pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology definition

A

the study of the immune system

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2
Q

Pathology definition

A

the study of the causes/effects of disease

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3
Q

Why is immunology and pathology important?

A

to provide the correct diagnosis, treatment, referrals and patient education/advice

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4
Q

Aetiology definition

A

causes of a disease or condition (pathology)

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5
Q

Possible aetiology of a disease/condition

A

genetic (e.g hereditary) and/or environmental (e.g. diet, alcohol, smoking)

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6
Q

Pathogenesis definition

A

Progressive changes as disease develops, involving morphological cellular changes (macro/microscopic)

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7
Q

Sequalae definition

A

The next steps which often involves intervention.

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8
Q

Examples of two common oral pathologies

A

oral cancer (usually oral squamous cell carcinoma), periodontitis

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9
Q

What is the aetiology of oral cancer?

A

excessive alcohol/tobacco consumption increases susceptibility (environmental), can also be genetic

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10
Q

What is the pathogenesis of oral cancer?

A

processes of hyperplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia

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11
Q

What is the sequalae for oral cancer?

A

Radiotherapy, surgery, patient advice

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12
Q

What is the aetiology for periodontitis?

A

Bacteria origin (plaque)

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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis of periodontitis?

A

inflammation in gingival tissues, bone resorption

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14
Q

What is the sequalae in periodontitis?

A

physical debridement of plaque, removal of infected tissue, patient advice

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15
Q

What systemic diseases is periodontitis linked to?

A

Diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory disease, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease

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16
Q

What is the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

environmental and/or genetic factors, other diseases (e.g. periodontitis)

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17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

joint inflammation, increased osteoclast activity, circulating ACPA (antibodies)

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18
Q

What is the sequelae of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

NSAIDs (medicines that relieve pain and inflammation), steroids, treatment of other diseases (e.g. periodontitis treatment to ease RA)

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19
Q

Examples of cells that make up the immune system

A

leukocytes, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells

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20
Q

How are the organs and cells of the immune system connected?

A

Lymphatic system (allows immune cells - lymphocytes and leucocytes - to circulate)

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21
Q

What makes up the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs, lymphoid tissues, immune cells

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22
Q

What are the primary sites of the lymphatic system?

A

The sites where immune cells are created and mature

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23
Q

What are the secondary sites of the lymphatic system?

A

The sites where immune cells are stored and proliferate

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24
Q

What is lymph?

A

A clear, colourless fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system

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25
Q

Where does lymph originate?

A

From excess interstitial fluid that surrounds the body’s cells

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26
Q

What is lymph made up of?

A

> 90% water, proteins (antibodies), immune cells, waste products (CO2 and urea)

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27
Q

What are the lymphoid organs?

A

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, spleen, specialised tissues (e.g. tonsils, adenoid)

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28
Q

Name the primary lymphoid organs

A

thymus and bone marrow

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29
Q

Name the secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, specialised lymphoid tissues (e.g. tonsils, adenoid)

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30
Q

Location of thymus

A

mediastinum (central in chest, posterior to lungs)

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31
Q

How does thymus size differ from a newborn to an adult?

A

Thymus decreases in size

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32
Q

Function of thymus

A

Site of T cell maturation and education (T for thymus)

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33
Q

What colour bone marrow produces haemopoietic stem cells?

A

red bone marrow

34
Q

Function of haemopoietic stem cells produced in the red marrow

A

Haemopoietic stem cells differentiate into different types of immune cells

35
Q

Function of spleen

A

Secondary lymphoid organ involved in blood filtration system

36
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Secondary lymphoid organ involved in lymph filtration system

37
Q

Function of specialised lymphoid tissues

A

Immunological barriers, mucosal surfaces (e.g. tonsils, adenoids, parts of gut)

38
Q

What are the two branches of the immune system?

A

innate and adaptive immunity

39
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

the first line of non-specific defence

40
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

specific and acquired defence involving B and T cells

41
Q

Which branch of the immune system is involved in creating immunological memory?

A

Adaptive immunity (specific receptors on B and T cells)

42
Q

What is humoral?

A

‘Liquid/fluid’ - proteins produced by the cellular components

43
Q

What are the innate immune cells?

A

leukocytes - e.g. monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, NK cells, eosinophils, basophils

44
Q

What are the adaptive immunity cells?

A

Lymphocytes - B and T cells

45
Q

Examples of non-professional immune cells

A

endothelial/epithelial cells (not from bone marrow stem cells)

46
Q

Which type of immunity is present from birth?

A

innate immunity

47
Q

Which type of immunity is active in the first 1-4 days of exposure to the pathogen?

A

innate immunity

48
Q

Which cells contribute to innate immunity, alongside the leukocytes?

A

non-professional immune cells - epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibro blasts (e.g. mucous membrane)

49
Q

Does innate immunity provide lasting protection?

A

No - no memory

50
Q

Which type of immunity do vaccines utilise?

A

Adapted immunity

51
Q

At which day after pathogen exposure is adaptive immunity active?

A

day 4-10

52
Q

What are the two types of responses that make up adaptive immunity?

A

Cell-mediated and humoral (antibody) responses

53
Q

Which cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells drive cell-mediated immunity with the activation of macrophages, NK cells, epithelial cells

54
Q

Which cells drive humoral immunity?

A

B cells (produce antibodies)

55
Q

What cells are defence cells?

A

Professional (innate/leucocytes and adaptive/lymphocytes) and non-professional (epithelial, endothelial, fibroblasts) immune cells

56
Q

Function of macrophages

A

phagocytose and present antigen - multiple functions (M1 and M2 macrophages)

57
Q

Difference between macrophages and monocytes?

A

Macrophages migrate and differentiate into tissues whereas monocytes circulate in blood.

58
Q

Which defence cells are granulocytes?

A

Mast cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, NK cells

59
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Granulocytes that respond to inflammation and protect against pathogens by degranulation (histamine). They migrate from blood and differentiate in tissues.

60
Q

What is histamine?

A

A type of chemical mediator found in granules

61
Q

Which defence cells are involved in allergies?

A

mast cells, eosinophils, basophils

62
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

phagocytic granulocytes that are the most numerous and important cells in innate immune response. Circulate in blood and move into tissue when required.

63
Q

What process do neutrophils undergo?

A

NETosis via degranulation

64
Q

What is NETosis?

A

the production of neutrophil extracellular traps that encapsulate pathogens

65
Q

What are basophils and eosinophils?

A

granulocytes that undergo degranulation and are both involved in allergy. Have a similar structure to neutrophils and a similar function to mast cells.

66
Q

Which defence cell plays a major role in anti-parasitic immunity?

A

eosinophils

67
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Natural killer cells are large granulocytes that have long cellular projections (detection). Important in killing host cells.

68
Q

Which host cells would be destroyed by NK cells?

A

Cancerous cells, viral infected cells, microorganisms

69
Q

Which defence cell bridges innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Dendritic cells (APC)

70
Q

Function of dendritic cells

A

phagocytosis and antigen presentation. Also move from tissues to lymph nodes to activate B and T cells.

71
Q

What is the name of the type of dendritic cell found in the skin?

A

Langerhans cells

72
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

73
Q

Location of T cells

A

circulate in the lymph and are stored in lymph nodes

74
Q

Which defence cell drives cellular immunity (branch of adaptive immunity)?

A

T cells

75
Q

Function of T cells

A

recognise antigens (peptides). there are lots of subsets of T cells that have different functions.

76
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow (red)

77
Q

Where are B cells located?

A

Lymph and lymph nodes

78
Q

Which defence cells drive humoral immunity?

A

B cells

79
Q

Function of B cells

A

produce antibodies (drive humoral immunity), also capable of antigen presentation for T cell activation

80
Q

How many subsets of B cells are there?

A

2 subsets

81
Q

Function of non-professional immune cells?

A

Epithelial, endothelial cells and fibroblasts play a role in inflammatory (immune) responses

BDS1 (56 decks)

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