Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS1 > Introduction to pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The study of the action of drugs on the function of living systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a drug?

A

A chemical substance or natural product that affects the function of cells, organs, systems or the whole body (bioactive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When did pharmacology emerge as a scientific discipline and what was it called?

A

1850s as materia medica (things of medicine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is dogma?

A

Belief that is passed down and expected to just be accepted without questioning. e.g. people thought walnuts improved intelligence because they look like the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Famous quote from Paracelsus in 1700s (16th century)

A

“All drugs are poisons…it is only the dose which makes a thing poison”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is pharmacogenomics?

A

field of medicine investigating how an individual’s genetic makeup influences the effect of a drug - leads to personalised medicine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Example of a chemical compound used in anasthetics

A

ether

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is nitrous oxide?

A

Chemical compound used 50% with oxygen as a analgesic (painkiller) discovered in 1799

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Example of drug used to relieve angina

A

amyl nitrate - dilates coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain due reduced blood flow to cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which drugs were first used as antibiotics in 1935?

A

sulphonamides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fields that have contributed to the development of pharmacology

A

Therapeutics (magical potions, herbal remedies), Commerce, Chemistry, Biomedical sciences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can drugs be developed?

A

From natural products (plants, animals), serendipity, altering the structure of an existing molecule, repurposing of an existing drug to treat a different disease, computer-aided design, studying disease processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of drugs from plants

A

aspirin |(painkiller) from willow trees, cocaine (LA for eye surface) from cocoa plant, morphine (painkiller) from poppy, quinine (anti-malarial) from cinchona tree, digoxin (heart failure) from foxglove, statins (lower cholesterol) from guggul tree.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examples of drugs from animals

A

insulin isolated from dog pancreases was injected into diabetics, hirudin (anticoagulant) from leeches, ziconotide (painkiller) from cone snail, peptide which lowers BP (forerunner of ACE inhibitors) from bothrops jararaca.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is serendipity?

A

accidental drug discovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Example of how computer-aided design can lead to drug discovery

A

high throughput screening can analyse possible effects of drugs, 3D modelling to design a molecule to bind to a receptor ect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Example of serendipity

A

discovery of antibacterial properties of Penicillium mould by Fleming in 1928

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Example of drug re-purposing

A

Sildenafil was invented as a drug to lower blood pressure (antihypertensive). During clinical trials the side effect of treating erectile dysfunction lead to the re-purposing of sildenafil and it was sold as Viagra (proprietary name)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is pharmacoeconomics?

A

Branch of health economics that evaluates the cost of a drug with its outcomes and whether it will be successful in a market (e.g. in NHS?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 types of names drugs can have

A

chemical (describes chemical structure), generic (international non-proprietary name of molecule e.g. Sildenafil), proprietary (trade/brand name)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ways of measuring the effect of a drug in the laboratory

A

second messenger responses (e.g. how much cAMP accumulates), membrane responses (e.g. membrane potential with LA), reflex responses to noxious stimuli (e.g. place dog on a heated plate to see if they lift their paws), behavioural responses to noxious environment (e.g. place animal in maze)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

Describes the fate of a drug molecule following administration and how a drug is affected by exposure to cells (what the body does to the drug)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

The mechanism of drug action and what happens to cells, organs, systems when exposed to the drug (what the drug does to the body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Elements involved in pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug

26
Q

Examples of proteins affecting pharmacokinetics

A

drug transporters, metabolising enzymes, plasma proteins e.g. drug-albumin binding.

27
Q

Examples of cells that affect pharmacokinetics

A

epithelial cells (oral administration), endothelial cells (IV administration), hepatocytes

28
Q

What are the possible routes of drug penetration into cells?

A

Diffusion through lipid membrane (lipophilic drugs) or aqueous channels (small drugs), carrier-mediated transport (hydrophilic drugs), pinocytosis (uptake of ECF and molecules)

29
Q

How do lipophilic drugs generally enter cells?

A

Diffusion through lipid membrane

30
Q

How may small, hydrophilic drugs enter cells?

A

diffusion through aqueous channels

31
Q

How may larger, hydrophilic drugs enter cells?

A

Carrier-mediated transport (uses ATP as drug moves against conc gradient)

32
Q

How is insulin transported into the brain?

A

By pinocytosis

33
Q

Where do drugs ultimately need to reach to be transported to their target?

A

Blood plasma

34
Q

Methods of administration

A

oral, rectal, percutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular (very vascular), intrathecal (injection into spinal canal - CSF), inhalation

35
Q

Which mode of administration delivers the drug directly into the blood plasma?

A

Intravenous

36
Q

Methods of drug elimination/excretion

A

urine, faeces, breast milk, sweat, expired air (used in breathalysers)

37
Q

Which structure must orally absorbed drugs be permeable through?

A

Epithelial cell membrane

38
Q

What features of a drug determines whether it can be orally absorbed?

A

Physicochemical properties - described by Lipinski’s rule of 5

39
Q

What set of rules determine whether a drug can be orally absorbed?

A

Lipinski’s rule of 5 - mw < 500 Daltons, H-bond donors < 6, H bond acceptors < 11, log P < 6.

40
Q

What are the stages of drug metabolism?

A

Phase I and II

41
Q

Why does the body metabolise drugs?

A

To prepare the drug for excretion

42
Q

Which phase of drug metabolism has a greater effect on reducing the drug effectiveness?

A

Phase II

43
Q

What possible reactions may occur during phase I of drug metabolism?

A

Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

44
Q

What are pharmacokinetic parameters?

A

monitoring drug behaviour in the body by measuring drug concentration in the plasma / urine.

45
Q

Pharmacokinetic parameters that can be labelled on a plasma concentration-time graph

A

Cmax, Tmax, AUC

46
Q

What is Cmax on a plasma concentration-time graph?

A

The maximum concentration of the drug in the plasma reached after administration

47
Q

What is Tmax in a plasma concentration-time graph?

A

The time at which the maximum drug concentration (Cmax) is reached.

48
Q

What is AUP on a plasma concentration-time graph?

A

Area under the graph which measures the total exposure of the patient to the drug.

49
Q

At what point on a plasma-concentration time graph does the rate of absorption equal elimination? (net conc change is 0)

A

Cmax (absorption phase -> elimination phase)

50
Q

What may lead to the accumulation of drug in the plasms?

A

Frequent doses

51
Q

Possible effects of drugs at a cellular level

A

effect on receptors, ion channels, enzymes, transporters, DNA

52
Q

Possible effects of drugs at an organ/system level

A

effects on heart, kidney, cardiovascular system, CNS

53
Q

Possible effects of drugs on the whole organism

A

therapeutic effect on disease state, side effects (tested on healthy individuals before patients)

54
Q

Possible effects of drugs on a societal level

A

cost (health economics), misuse, drug resistance

55
Q

How are tissues controlled?

A

By innervation, ECF, blood supply, exocrine and endocrine secretions

56
Q

Examples of specific sites drugs can target

A

receptors, ion channels, enzymes, transporters (all are proteins)

57
Q

How many cells in the human body?

A

100 trillion cells

58
Q

How many cell types in the human body?

A

200

59
Q

What are endogenous molecules?

A

Molecules that originate internally (e.g. neurotransmitters, hormones). Their action can be mimicked by drugs

60
Q

What are agonists?

A

Chemicals that stimulate a receptor to produce a response

61
Q

What are antagonists?

A

Binds to receptors, blocking them, which opposes their action.

BDS1 (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions