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BDS1 > Alimentary controls > Flashcards

Alimentary controls Flashcards

1
Q

2 categories which control the alimentary system

A

Nervous (somatic and autonomic) and hormonal

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2
Q

2 categories of autonomic nervous control

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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2
Q

2 categories of somatic (voluntary) nervous control

A

Sensory (sensation) and motor (innervate muscles)

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3
Q

Function of sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight response, increase heart rate and breathing, reduce gut motility

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4
Q

Function of parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest, reduce heart rate and breathing, increase gut motility

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5
Q

Example of GIT hormones

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, Gastrin Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP), Secretin

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6
Q

Function of cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Stimulates contraction of gall bladder to release bile, stimulates synthesis and secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice, relaxes Sphincter of Oddi, and has a weak stimulatory effect on bicarbonate secretion.

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7
Q

Where is cholecystokinin (CCK) released from?

A

Secreted from endocrine cells in the duodenum in response to high fat and protein in diet.

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8
Q

Function of gastrin

A

Stimulates HCl production by parietal cells in the stomach gastric glands.

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9
Q

Where is gastrin released from?

A

Secreted by G cells in the gastric pits of the stomach.

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10
Q

Function of Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

A

Main role is to increase insulin secretion and stop death of pancreatic beta cells (stimulates glucagon and fat accumulation, and is a weak inhibitor of acid secretion.

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11
Q

Function of secretin

A

Reduces gastric acid secretion from the stomach and increases bicarbonate (HCO3) from the pancreas.

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12
Q

Where in the alimentary system is there mostly somatic nervous control?

A

Nearer to mouth and anus (choose when to chew and defaecate). Autonomic control in between (e.g. secretions, peristalsis)

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13
Q

In which area of the alimentary system are hormones primarily dominant?

A

In stomach and duodenum (upper SI)

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14
Q

What secretions occur in the mouth?

A

Saliva

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15
Q

What motility occurs in the mouth and pharynx?

A

Chewing and swallowing (mastication and deglutination)

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16
Q

How are saliva secretions controlled?

A

Entirely neural by cranial nerves

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17
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates anterior 2/3 of the tongue for gustation?

A

Facial nerve - CN VII

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18
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue for gustation and sensation?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

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19
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for olfaction?

A

Olfactory nerve CN I

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20
Q

Which cranial nerve controls chewing?

A

Trigeminal nerve CN V in the loading periodontal ligaments

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21
Q

Example of psychic stimuli for saliva secretion

A

Visual

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22
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Associated unconditioned stimulus (sight of food) with a new conditioned stimulus (bell) to bring about the same response (salivation) - Pavlov’s dog

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23
Q

Order of strengths of salivatory stimuli from weakest to strongest

A

Visual, olfactory, mechanical (chewing), chemical (taste)

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24
Q

Which taste is the strongest salivary stimuli?

A

Acid

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25
Q

Which structures are involved in chewing?

A

Jaw, facial and tongue muscles (muscles of mastication)

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26
Q

Which cranial nerves control chewing?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V) innervates muscles of mastication. Facial nerve (CN VII) innervates facial muscles. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) innervates tongue motor function (muscles).

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27
Q

Which structures are involved in swallowing/ deglutination?

A

Jaw, tongue, pharyngeal muscles (superior, middle, inferior constrictors)

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28
Q

Which part of the nervous system controls swallowing / deglutination?

A

Skeletal muscle therefore controlled by somatic nerves; however, there is an automatic and reflex component.

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29
Q

Which cranial nerves control swallowing?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). Pharyngeal plexus is innervated by the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus nerve (CN X).

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30
Q

What is the swallowing centre?

A

An area in the medulla oblongata that inhibits respiration while swallowing.

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31
Q

Which types of muscles are found in the oesophagus?

A

Superior 1/3 is skeletal, middle 1/3 is mixed, lower 1/3 is smooth muscle

32
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles in the oesophagus?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

33
Q

What is secreted into the stomach?

A

Gastric juice (HCl)

34
Q

What motility occurs in the stomach?

A

Filling/relaxation, mixing, propulsive movements (peristalsis), emptying.

35
Q

In which 3 phases can stimuli affect gastric activity?

A

Cephalic (head), gastric and intestinal phase

36
Q

Stimuli in cephalic phase that can trigger gastric activity

A

Mechanical (muscles of mastication), Chemical (taste, smell), Psychic (visual, emotions, thoughts)

37
Q

Intra-gastric stimuli in the gastric phase that can trigger gastric activity

A

Mechanical (distention when bolus enters), chemical (food triggers HCl release from parietal cells)

38
Q

Intestinal stimuli that increase gastric activity

A

Mechanical (distention), chemical (acid and protein in duodenum)

39
Q

How can the cephalic phase can control gastric activity?

A

Via nerves (long reflex to the brain)

40
Q

How can gastric activity be controlled in the gastric phase?

A

Nerves (short and long reflexes), hormones (gastrin from G cells)

41
Q

How do controls from the intestinal phase tend to affect gastric activity?

A

Tends to slow gastric emptying

42
Q

How can gastric activity be controlled from the intestinal phase?

A

Nerves (long and short reflexes), Hormones (GIP - weak inhibitor of HCl secretion - and secretin - reduces HCl secretion from parietal cells and increases HCO3 production from pancreas)

43
Q

Sequence of long nervous reflex in the control of GIT function

A

stimulus -> receptors -> CNS -> nerve plexus -> smooth muscle/glands -> response

44
Q

Sequence of short nervous reflex in the control of GIT function

A

Stimulus -> receptors -> nerve plexus -> smooth muscle/glands -> response

45
Q

Sequence of hormonal action in the control of GIT function

A

Stimulus -> receptor -> endocrine cells -> release hormones that enter circulation -> smooth muscle/glands -> response.

46
Q

Secretions of the small intestines

A

intestinal juice

47
Q

Motility of the small intestine

A

mixing, villus movements, segmentation contractions, peristalsis

48
Q

How is the activity of the small intestine controlled?

A

Mainly by local nerves (short reflexes) in response to intra-luminal stimuli.

49
Q

Which 3 phases control the release of bicarbonate within pancreatic juice?

A

Cephalic phase and Gastric phase have a small effect via the vagus nerve. The intestinal phase has the biggest influence.

50
Q

How does the intestinal phase control the release of bicarbonate within pancreatic juice?

A

Hormones - secretin, CCK and VIP. Secretin stimulates secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice. CCK and VIP have weak stimulatory effect on bicarbonate secretion.

51
Q

Where is secretin released from?

A

The duodenum in response to acid (HCl)

52
Q

What is VIP?

A

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide

53
Q

Function of VIP

A

In the gut, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide breaks down glycogen and relaxes smooth muscle of the gall bladder and stomach

54
Q

Which phases stimulate the release of enzymes in pancreatic juice?

A

Cephalic and Gastric phase have a small effect involving the vagus nerve. The intestinal phase has the greatest influence via hormones.

55
Q

Which hormones in the intestinal phase stimulate the release of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice?

A

CCK, Gastrin and GIP (weak stimulatory effect on enzyme secretions)

56
Q

Where is cholecystokinin released from?

A

Duodenum in response to fat and protein

57
Q

Where is gastrin released from?

A

G cells in stomach, duodenum and pancreas.

58
Q

Which phases control bile secretion?

A

Cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases.

59
Q

How is bile secretion stimulated by the cephalic phase?

A

The vagus nerve relaxes the sphincter of Oddi

60
Q

How is bile secretion stimulated in the gastric phase?

A

The vagus nerve has a small stimulatory effect

61
Q

How is bile secretion stimulated in the intestinal phase?

A

CCK and secretin (weaker effect than CCK)

62
Q

What secretions occur in the large intestine and rectum?

A

Mucus, some water and electrolytes

63
Q

What motility occurs in the large intestine and rectum?

A

Mixing, mass movements, defaecation

64
Q

How are mixing/segmentation movements controlled in the large intestine?

A

Food entering the stomach triggers local reflexes that control the motility - neural

65
Q

Name of the neural reflexes in the large intestine that are triggered by gastric activity

A

Gastro-ileal reflex and gastro-colic reflex

66
Q

Which reflex increases motility in the ileum?

A

gastro-ileal reflex

67
Q

Which reflex increases motility in the colon?

A

gastro-colic reflex

68
Q

Which division of the nervous system controls the large intestine and rectum?

A

Autonomic nervous system

69
Q

Which nerve innervates the large intestine up to the splenic flexure?

A

Vagus nerve

70
Q

Which nerves innervate the descending colon and rectum?

A

The pelvic nerves (sacral nerves 2-4)

71
Q

What is the internal anal sphincter controlled by?

A

Autonomic nervous system

72
Q

What is the external anal sphincter controlled by?

A

Somatic nerves (sacral 2-4) - voluntary control.

73
Q

What muscle is the external anal sphincter made up of?

A

Skeletal muscle (voluntary control)

74
Q

Name of the reflex that relaxes the internal anal sphincter

A

Retrosphincteric reflex (reflex therefore passes through spinal cord)

75
Q

How is the retrosphincteric reflex triggered?

A

By distention of the rectum

76
Q

How can defaecation be voluntarily delayed?

A

Contraction of external anal sphincter by brain intervention

77
Q

Which reflexes occur when defaecation is appropriate?

A

External anal sphincter relaxes, abdominal wall muscles contract, pelvic wall muscles relax. Peristaltic waves facilitate movement of faeces through anal canal.

BDS1 (50 decks)

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