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BDS1 > Respiratory tract > Flashcards

Respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

Function of respiratory tract

A

respiration (gas exchange). Conducts, warms and humidifies air and protects against pathogens

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2
Q

What 2 components make up the respiratory tract?

A

Upper and lower respiratory tract

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3
Q

Which components make up the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose, paranasal sinuses, mouth (inc tonsils), pharynx, larynx

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4
Q

What forms the protuberance of the nose?

A

nares (nostrils)

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5
Q

What forms the nasal septum?

A

Vomer bone (and bit of ethmoid) and hyaline cartilage

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6
Q

What tissues make up the nose?

A

skin, muscle, bone, hyaline cartilage (where nasal septum is found)

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7
Q

Where is muscle found in the nose?

A

in the corner of the nose (for flaring)

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8
Q

What is the internal portion of the nose referred to?

A

nasal cavity

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9
Q

Where is the nasal cavity located?

A

superior and posterior to the nose, inferior to the anterior cranial fossa, superior to the mouth

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10
Q

Which other aspects of the respiratory tract is the nasal cavity continuous with?

A

nares (external nose) and pharynx

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11
Q

Which ducts open up in the nasal cavity?

A

ducts from the paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct

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12
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct run from and to?

A

from the medial canthus of the eye (corner) to the inferior nasal meatus

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13
Q

What is the inferior nasal meatus?

A

A small space beneath the inferior nasal concha where the nasolacrimal duct opens up

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14
Q

Which gland produces tears?

A

Lacrimal gland

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15
Q

How do tears pass from the eye to the nose?

A

Via the nasolacrimal gland which connects the medial canthus of the eye to the inferior nasal meatus

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16
Q

What epithelium makes up the external portion of the nose?

A

Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium (with hairs)

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17
Q

What are the two segments of epithelium within the nose?

A

Respiratory and olfactory segments/epithelium

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18
Q

What epithelium is found in the nose (making up the respiratory and olfactory segments)?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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19
Q

What is the difference between the olfactory and respiratory segments in the nose?

A

The olfactory segment has olfactory receptors

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20
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium/segment located?

A

At the roof of the nasal cavity, superior and posterior to the nose

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21
Q

Function of the olfactory segment/epithelium

A

detect airborne odour molecules (smell)

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22
Q

How do we detect smell?

A

Airborne odour molecules enter the nasal cavity and bind to olfactory receptors. The receptors are activated and send an impulse via the olfactory nerve (CNI) to the olfactory system.

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23
Q

What forms the first line of defence to prevent particles entering further into the nose?

A

nasal hairs found near nares

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24
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

Warms and filters the air (via conchae/turbinates) and sense of smell

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25
Q

What are the conchae?

A

Folds of cartilage in the nasal cavity that warm and filter the air

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26
Q

What are the names of the conchae?

A

Superior, middle and inferior concha

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27
Q

Function of the paranasal sinuses

A

vocal resonance and speech modification, lighten weight of head, support immune defence of nasal cavity, humidify air.

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28
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled spaces within the bones of the skull and face

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29
Q

What are the 4 paired paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary sinuses

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30
Q

Which are the most superior paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal sinuses

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31
Q

Where are the frontal sinuses located?

A

in frontal bone (triangular roughly in shape), superior and slightly medial to eye sockets

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32
Q

Where are the sphenoid sinuses located?

A

Sphenoid bone (most posterior of the paranasal sinuses), posterior to ethmoid sinuses

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33
Q

Where are the ethmoid sinuses located?

A

Ethmoid bone (posterior and medial to eye sockets)

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33
Q

Which are the largest of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Maxillary sinuses

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34
Q

Where are the maxillary sinuses located?

A

In the maxilla, inferior to eye socket, slightly inferior and lateral to nasal cavity

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35
Q

Where do the maxillary sinuses drain into?

A

Nasal cavity just inferior to frontal sinus opening

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36
Q

What is a potential pathway for the spread of infection between the paranasal sinuses?

A

Fluid draining from the frontal sinuses into the maxillary sinuses

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37
Q

Fistula definition

A

an abnormal communication between 2 epithelium lined orans that do not normally connect

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38
Q

Name given for an opening created between a paranasal sinus and the mouth

A

oro-antral fistula

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39
Q

Which paranasal sinus is typically involved in an oro-antral fistula?

A

Maxillary sinus

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40
Q

Potential causes of an oro-antral fistula

A

molar tooth extraction (accidentally removing floor of maxillary sinus), trauma, bone disease (e.g. osteomyelitis), radiotherapy

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41
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A 12-15cm muscular tube that extends from the skull base to oesophagus (~C6)

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42
Q

Function of the pharynx

A

conducts air, muscles contract to direct food to oesophagus

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43
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

44
Q

Where does the nasopharynx extend from and to?

A

From the base of the skull (sphenoid sinus) to soft palate (uvula)

45
Q

Where does the oropharynx extend from and to?

A

From the soft palate (uvula) to epiglottis (elastic cartilage)

46
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx extend from and to?

A

Epiglottis to the bifurcation into the trachea and oesophagus

47
Q

What components make up the lower respiratory tract?

A

(continuation of larynx), trachea, R and L bronchi, lungs, blood-air barrier

48
Q

What is the larynx commonly known as?

A

Voicebox

49
Q

Which vertebrae does the larynx extend along?

A

C3-6

50
Q

Function of larynx

A

generates sound, acts as a sphincter, air conduction, airway protection (closes off trachea during swallowing)

51
Q

What is the superior-most region of the larynx?

A

epiglottis

52
Q

Which bone is the epiglottis attached to?

A

hyoid bone

53
Q

What is unique about the hyoid bone?

A

It is the only bone in the body to not be connected to another bone

54
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

Anterior aspect of the neck, superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx

55
Q

How long is the larynx?

A

4-5 cm

56
Q

Which aspect of the respiratory tract grows in puberty?

A

larynx

57
Q

What connects the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage?

A

thyrohyoid membrane

58
Q

How are the thyroid and cricoid cartilages held in place?

A

By muscles (cricothyroid muscles) and ligaments (cricothyroid ligament)

59
Q

What is the larynx composed of?

A

9 cartilages, ligaments, muscle and mucous membranes

60
Q

What are the 9 cartilages of the larynx?

A

3 paired cartilages: arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages. 3 unpaired cartilages: thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis cartilages.

61
Q

How is the larynx able to move?

A

There are joints between the cartilages e.g. arycorniculate joint connects arytenoid and corniculate cartilages, cricoarytenoid joint, cricothyroid joint.

62
Q

Which is the largest cartilage of the laryngeal skeleton?

A

thyroid cartilage

63
Q

Function of the thyroid cartilage

A

forms a protective shield for the anterior larynx

64
Q

Where do the 2 halves of the thyroid cartilage meet?

A

At the midline to form the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)

65
Q

Which is the only laryngeal cartilage that forms a full circle?

A

cricoid cartilage

66
Q

What is the anterior part of the cricoid cartilage known as?

A

the arch

67
Q

What is the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage known as?

A

the lamina

68
Q

Which is the most inferior cartilage of the laryngeal skeleton?

A

Cricoid cartilage

69
Q

What is the name of the elastic leaf-shaped laryngeal cartilage?

A

Epiglottis

70
Q

Function of the epiglottis

A

allows the passage of air through the larynx into the trachea, closes over the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.

71
Q

Where is the epiglottis attached?

A

To the internal surface of the thyroid cartilage

72
Q

What is the name of the cartilages that sit over the posterior portion of the cricoid cartilage?

A

Arytenoid cartilages

73
Q

What is the structure of the arytenoid cartilages?

A

pyramid-shaped, small, hard, flexible cartilages

74
Q

What are the 2 processes in the base of the arytenoid cartilages?

A

vocal process (anterior angle), muscular process (lateral angle)

75
Q

What are corniculate cartilages also known as?

A

cartilages of Santorini

76
Q

Structure of the corniculate cartilages

A

small, elastic, cone-shaped cartilages

77
Q

What are cuneiform cartilages also known as?

A

Wrisberg cartilages

78
Q

Where are the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages located?

A

within the aryepiglottic fold

79
Q

Function of the cuneiform cartilages

A

support vocal folds and the lateral aspects of the epiglottis

80
Q

Location of the aryepiglottic fold

A

extends from the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages

81
Q

Function of the arytenoid cartilages

A

attach vocal cords

82
Q

What is the name of the ‘false vocal cord’?

A

Vestibular fold (comprised of vestibular ligament and mucous membrane)

83
Q

What is the name of the emergency procedure which establishes an airway?

A

Cricothyroidotomy

84
Q

Why may a cricothyroidotomy be necessary?

A

if the patient cannot breath due to a foreign object in upper airway, facial trauma, oedema of glottis (throat swelling)

85
Q

What does a cricothyroidotomy involve penetrating?

A

Skin and cricothyroid membrane (but avoids vocal cords)

86
Q

How long is the trachea?

A

10-12 cm

87
Q

At which vertebrae level does the trachea start?

A

C6

88
Q

How many incomplete (C-shapes) cartilaginous rings make up the trachea?

A

15-20

89
Q

What is the function of the cartilage in the trachea?

A

to maintain a patent airway

90
Q

Why is there no cartilage in the posterior trachea?

A

To allow food to pass smoothly down the oesophagus

91
Q

What is present in place of cartilage at the posterior trachea?

A

Smooth muscle (trachealis)

92
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle in the posterior trachea?

A

trachealis

93
Q

What is a tracheostomy?

A

a form of long term mechanical ventilation which involves creating an opening below the 1st tracheal ring and inserting a tube into the trachea (balloon used to maintain position)

94
Q

When would a tracheostomy be required?

A

When endotracheal incubation has failed

95
Q

If a foreign object is inhaled, which bronchus is it more likely to enter?

A

Right bronchus

96
Q

What is the difference between the left and right bronchus?

A

the right bronchus is more vertical, has a greater diameter and is shorter than the left bronchus.

97
Q

What type of epithelium lines the bronchi?

A

Respiratory epithelium (continues)

98
Q

What lobes does the left bronchus divide into?

A

Superior and inferior lobe bronchus

99
Q

What lobes does the right bronchus divide into?

A

superior, middle and inferior lobe bronchi

100
Q

How does the epithelium change from the lobular bronchiole to the terminal bronchiole?

A

Transition from ciliated columnar to more non-ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells

101
Q

What are the divisions of each bronchus (L+R)?

A

L/R (primary) bronchus -> lobular (secondary) bronchus -> segmental (tertiary) bronchus -> terminal bronchus -> lobular bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar duct -> alveolar sac

102
Q

What percentage of cells in the alveolar sac are type 1 pneumocytes?

A

95%

103
Q

What are type I pneumocytes also known as?

A

Alveolar air cells

104
Q

What makes up 5% of the cells in the alveolar sacs?

A

Type II pneumocytes (surfactant cells)

105
Q

Function of type II pneumocytes

A

produce surfactant

106
Q

Function of surfactant

A

acts as a detergent to minimise friction and ensure lubrication

107
Q

Which cells have a shared basement membrane?

A

Alveolar and endothelial cells

108
Q

What is the advantage of having a shared basement membrane?

A

minimises diffusion distance for gas exchange

BDS1 (66 decks)

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